М. Л. Архангельская
ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ПРАВО
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
Пособие
на английском языке
Для студентов юридического факультета
Москва
Институт международного права и экономики имени А. С. Грибоедова
2009
УТВЕРЖДЕНО
кафедрой иностранных языков
Архангельская М.Л.
Экологическое право. Environmental Law : пособие на английском языке / М.Л. Архангельская. – М. : ИМПЭ им. А.С. Грибоедова, 2009. – 43 с.
Пособие представляет собой подборку оригинальных текстов по некоторым аспектам экологического права для расширения представлений студентов юридического факультета о разных отраслях международного права, а также для накопления и закрепления терминологической лексики. Тексты сокращены в учебных целях и снабжены подробным тематическим словарем.
В конце пособия дан краткий англо-русский словарь наиболее употребительных слов, встречающихся в области экологического права.
Подготовлено на кафедре иностранных языков.
© Архангельская М.Л., 2009
Environmental Law and International Law
International law is based on the principle of state sovereignty over its internal affairs. International law is binding on individual states
in relation to transboundary issues, for example atmospheric pollution, or events outside the jurisdiction of individual states such as conservation of wildlife in the
high seas. Problems such as wildlife conservation within state boundaries
can be linked to international law concerns by treaty or
through concepts such as the need to preserve the diversity of the world's resources. Environmental problems such as pollution and
resource depletion can be linked to broad international concerns through the concept of social justice between rich and poor nations.
Environmental policy therefore rests on vague and to some extent conflicting international values. In order to attract support, international instruments must strike a careful balance between competing concerns at the expense of diluting environmental objectives. This can be illustrated by the 'Rio' Declaration (1992).
International law may also involve hidden political agendas. For example, political concerns in relation to financial interests can be presented as environmental concerns. On the other hand the agreed goals of trade policy could be distorted by moral crusaders.
Notes
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in relation to transboundary issues – в отношении трансграничных проблем
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high seas – открытое море за пределами территориальных вод
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can be linked to international law concerns – может войти в сферу международного права
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through concepts – исходя из общих представлений
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resource depletion – истощение природных ресурсов
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rests on vague and to some extent conflicting international values – строится на неясных и до некоторой степени противоречивых понятиях, существующих в разных странах
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strike a careful balance between competing concerns at the expense of diluting environmental objectives – разрешить существующий конфликт интересов между странами, даже в ущерб достижению конечных экологических целей
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political agendas – здесь: политические цели
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in relation to financial interests – финансового свойства
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political concerns – здесь: политические интересы
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agreed goals of trade policy could be distorted by moral crusaders – согласованные цели в торговой политике могут быть искажены поборниками нравственности
'Rio' Declaration (1992) – Декларация Рио-де-Жанейро по окружающей среде и развитию 1992 г.
Comprehension
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What principles is International Law based on?
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In what way can Environmental Law be attached to International Law?
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Why is this attachment not always possible?
Concepts of International Environmental Law
International law has produced
three kinds of environmental concept.
Firstly, there are concepts which are intended to justify the direct intervention of the international community in environmental matters.
Secondly, there are expressions of substantive environmental values which can be adopted by states through their own laws.
Thirdly, there are procedural values which can also be adopted by states.
Common property. Common property comprises the 'resources' of territory outside the jurisdiction of individual states, mainly the high seas such as fish and whales and requires that these be equitably distributed and that states should not interfere with the rights of others, perhaps extending to pollution.
Customary law originally assumed that
living resources were
inexhaustible and was concerned only to ensure that states had
equal access to these resources. The law was therefore narrowly
anthropocentric. The emphasis of modern law has shifted, at least to conservation and possibly to the ecocentric preservation of marine life
for its own sake.
Shared resources. This controversial concept refers to international
watercourses. The general principle is analogous to that regulating the use of waterways within domestic law requiring an equitable division between the
competing purposes of different users of the water.
Common heritage. This doubtful concept means non-living resources in areas outside state jurisdiction such as the
sea bed. Common heritage differs from common property in that it
claims that the mineral resources of the sea bed are for the benefit of all, not only for those who extract them. Common heritage has not generally been applied to living resources (World Heritage Convention 1992 which applies to important landscapes and habitats).
Common concern. The doctrines of common property, shared resources and common heritage extend to pollution control and ecological protection.
The doctrine of common concern is broader. It is not
confined to exploitable resources but could include any environmental feature which is of importance to the international community.
The scope of the common concern
doctrine is, therefore, uncertain and controversial. The climate and the atmosphere may be treated as matters of common concern so that activities within national boundaries such as pollution and
deforestation fall within international jurisdiction.
The concept of common concern overlaps with the customary law principle of transboundary harm but is different in that, if a matter is of common concern, a state does not have to show that it has been directly injured in order to enforce the law. It is possible that any state might have standing to bring proceedings in an international tribunal under the doctrine of erga omnes.
Notes
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three kinds of environmental concept – три разных взгляда на проблемы окружающей среды
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environmental matters – экологические проблемы
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there are expressions of substantive environmental values – существует мнение, что некоторые экологические проблемы могут рассматриваться самостоятельно
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equal access – равный доступ
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customary law – система норм, регулирующая общественные отношения, основанная на обычаях
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living resources – биосфера
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inexhaustible –неисчерпаемый
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anthropocentric – антропоцентрическая (концепция, в центре которой стоят интересы человека)
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for its own sake – ради нее самой
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shared resources – совместное пользование природными ресурсами
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watercourse – водоток
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competing purposes – конкурирующие цели
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common heritage – общественное достояние
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sea bed – морское дно
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claims that – здесь: согласно которому
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extend to – распространяются на
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landscape – естественный ландшафт
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habitat – среда обитания
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common concern – общие интересы
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not confined to – не ограничивается
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the scope of the doctrine – объем доктрины
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deforestation – вырубка лесов, обезлесение
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overlaps with – частично совпадает с … (перекрывается)
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have standing to bring proceedings – имеет право на рассмотрение дела
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erga omnes (лат.) – против любого, кто нарушает
Comprehension
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What are the three kinds of environmental concept?
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Why are many international principles open-ended in International Law?
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What is ‘common property’ in International Law?
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What do ‘shared resources’ imply?
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What does erga omnes mean?
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