Перейти на главную страницу
Сибирская государственная геодезическая академия (СГГА)
Россия, 630108, Новосибирск, ул. Плахотного 10,
e-mail: [email protected]
Siberian State Academy of Geodesy (SSGA)
10, Plakhotnogo Ul., 630108, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation,
e-mail: [email protected]
В России интерес к фотограмметрии проявился в конце XIX века. В этом направлении работали многие энтузиасты – ученые, инженеры, изобретатели. С первых шагов развитие фотограмметрии пошло как путем заимствования иностранного опыта, так и за счет разработки собственных оригинальных решений и оборудования.
In Russia some interest in photogrammetry was first revealed at the end of the XIX century. Many enthusiasts (scientists, engineers and inventors) worked in this field. At its earliest stage photogrammetry developed both on the basis of the experience taken from abroad and that of the home original decisions and equipment.
In 1885 Aeronautical crew was formed in Russia under the command of the military engineer A.M. Kovanko. In May 1886 he became the first in Russia to take a photograph from the balloon during a flight over St.-Petersburg. Special camera constructed by V.I. Sreznevsky was used for this purpose. Since 1887 photographic film was used in aerial cameras.
The first phototheodolite mapping was conducted by N.O. Willer in the Caucasus in 1891.
R.Yu. Tile was one of those who made much for popularization of photogrammetry. He got education in Dresden and later worked at the Ministry of Railways in Russia. In 1896 R.Yu. Tile visited some countries of Europe and the USA where he studied the practice of photogrammetric methods. In 1897 R.Yu. Tile took part in phototheodolite surveying (being at the head of it) for projecting the line connecting the railroads of Transbaikalia and Manchuria. The topographic map with the projected railway line was exhibited at the Paris World Fair.
In the years that followed, R.Yu. Tile carried out some more topographic surveys for railroads and large engineering constructions using both phototheodolite and photography from the balloon. In 1899 R.Yu. Tile designed a special photocamera – “panoramograph”, incorporating six cameras with declined optical axes around the central camera with a vertical optical axis. This device allowed receiving a complete cycloramic terrain image. The panoramograph was supplied with a special device to let all the camera shutters act simultaneously only when the focal plane-plate of the central camera was horizontal. In 1902 the first strip photography in Russia was performed from the balloon supplied with panoramograph.
In 1908 -1909 the three-volume monograph “Phototopography in Modern Development” by R.Yu. Tile was published. It analyzed terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry and described all the instruments, methods of image processing and the range of photogrammetry application known at that time.
There were also other specialists who made a great contribution to the development of photogrammetry in Russia at the beginning of the XIX century. As, for example, V.F. Naydenov, who was the first to make topographic maps by aerial images. He constructed phototransformer for converting oblique images into vertical ones. In 1908 his book “Measuring Photography and Its Use in Aeronautics” was published.
In Russia, likewise all over the world, a great impact to the development of photogrammetry was made by the advent of aviation. Great attention was paid to the aerial photographic survey and photogrammetry by military departments. A reconnaissance survey was established in the Russian army. In 1913 a military engineer V.F. Potte invented a film camera for strip and block aerial photography. During the World War I all significant military operations at the fronts were supported by aerial photography. Images served both for reconnaissance and as initial data for topographic maps updating, as well as for making new maps for military purposes.
In 1917 two revolutions took place in Russia, which were followed by the Civil war. The events resulted in dethronement of the monarchy replaced by the new social and political system. Instead of the former country the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was formed with Russia as its core. According to one of the first decrees of the new government the Main Geodetic Administration (MGA) with the functions of the geodetic and cartographic survey was established. It was also charged to conduct regular topographic surveys of the country. In the years that followed, the MGA was reformed time and again. Since 1992 it has been called Roscartographia.
The period of 1917-1991 of the photogrammetry development in USSR may be conventionally called a Soviet one. Though the USSR united several republics, the most important processes reflecting the state of the Soviet photogrammetry took place in Russia. In 1991 the USSR disintegrated into 15 independent states, which established their own social and economic regulations. As concerns Russia, it inherited everything connected with the Soviet photogrammetry on its territory. Thus there are total reasons to consider the history of Russian photogrammetry as a single whole with the Soviet period.
As far back as in autumn 1918 the aerial survey for topographic mapping was started. Approximately at the same time the Military Air Forces established the school of aerial survey including special departments for aerial photography, photolaboratory processing and photogrammetry. A short time later photogrammetry was started to be taught in other educational institutions: since 1920 – in Moscow surveying institute, since 1921 – in Military-engineering academy (later Military-engineering university), since 1923 – in Military-topographic school (later Saint-Petersburg branch of the Military-Engineering University). In 1925 the department of photogrammetry was established at Moscow Surveying Institute, with N.M. Alexapolsky at the head. Afterwards it was subdivided into photogrammetry department and that of aerial survey. The specialists like V.S. Tsvet-Kolyadinsky and P.P. Sokolov were invited to teach there. A.S. Skiridov and F.V. Drobyshev started their teaching career just at this department. Running ahead, it should be noted, that in 1930 Moscow surveying institute was divided into two independent higher educational establishments: the Moscow Institute of Engineers for Geodesy, Aerial Photography and Cartography (MIIGAiK) and the Moscow Institute of Land Management (now the State University of Land Management). The latter included the department of aerial photographic survey. In 1932 the department of photogrammetry was organized at Military-Engineering Academy as well, with N.M. Alexapolsky being the first head of it.
1920 saw an appearance of aerogeodetic enterprises with certain territories assigned to them. The enterprises were charged to carry out all the topographic and surveying works on their territories. Each enterprise incorporated a photogrammetry department. Before long the number of aerial survey enterprises amounted to thirty. Their activities were guided by the unified state standards and plans.
In 1923 a voluntary association Dobrolet was formed, which incorporated the state bureau for aerial survey, headed by M.D. Bontch-Bruyevitch. The department of aerial photography of the bureau was headed by V.S. Tsvet- Kolyadinsky. In addition to the above mentioned, the department of aerial survey was established at Ukrvozduhoput. Later the two subdivisions joined to form the state enterprise Gosaerosyomka (State aerial survey) which became a part of the Main Geodetic Administration.
In 1923-1924 the Soviet government allotted significant funds on both manufacturing domestic instruments and buying the latest equipment abroad to be used in aerial surveys and photogrammetric works. But expensive complicated high-precision streophotogrammetric instruments like stereoplanigraph did not suffice for the Soviet Union with its huge territories. It was clear that to promote topographic mapping, simpler and more efficient methods of photogrammetry were needed.
First of all, the attention of scientists and manufacturers was drawn to the combined method of surveying. In this case, to receive planimetric components of the map, the photomap was made which was later interpreted in the field, and the relief was mapped by means of the plane-table survey. The picture control points to be used for rectification of images and mosaicking originally were determined through geodetic surveys. Beginning with 1929 graphical phototriangulation came into use for this purpose. For image rectification, photorectifiers of Russil (France) and Luftbild (German) were used, moreover the last one was improved by N.M. Alexapolsky and P.P. Sokolov. In addition to the mentioned the rectifiers of the Moscow Institute of Geodesy and those of professor Sokolov were employed. To scale and adjust phototriangulations networks, the production of N.A. Popov magnifiers was started.
A lot of the credit must go to professor N.M. Alexapolsky for the development and introduction of the combined method. In addition to the latter, F.V. Drobyshchev and M.D. Konshin became pioneers in using graphical triangulation in the country on the basis of the research of Finsterwalder (Germany) and G.P. Zhukov.
Efforts were made to replace a graphical triangulation by some more efficient one. In 1929 V.F. Deyneko developed an analytical version of phototriangulation. The plant “Aerogeopribor” produced several copies of F.V. Drobyshev nadir-triangulator. The device was capable of doing the same operations as “Karl Zeiss” radial-triangulator. Still graphical phototriangulation remained the basic method for extension of horizontal control for a long time. Many years had passed before photopoligonometry came into use though the principle was offered by F.V. Drobyshev as early as in 1930.
At the end of the 20s of the last century alongside with topographic mapping, aerial photography and photogrammetry came into use for natural resources exploration. In 1925 a trial aerial forest survey guided by P.M. Orlov and V.M. Platon was conducted in the Tver region. As compared with the field maps of the ground survey traditional at that time, the aerial mosaics provided more detailed information on the forest state. In the same year a special organization was established to deal with aerial surveying for land management. In 1926-1927 V.F Deyneko and N.N. Veselovsky were in charge of the pilot aerial surveying of the cities. The survey of the Volga tract was also conducted in order to study its waterway and rifts. An aerial survey of the large area was conducted for routing Turkestan-Siberian railway. The experience acquired and the techniques, developed for the above mentioned works, provided the basis for the subsequent surveys of the kind.
It is obvious that the combined method of topographic surveying based on the plane-table was inappropriate for surveying mountainous areas. That is why in 1929 -1937 the 1:100,000 scale maps of the large Pamir area were made by means of the ground stereophotogrammetric survey. But the combined method could not provide prompt mapping of the country vast plane territories as well. In 1928 the State Institute of Geodesy and Cartography (now Central Research Institute of Geodesy, Aerial Survey and Cartography, TSNIIGAiK) was established in Moscow and a year later – the research institute of aerial survey in Leningrad (now Saint-Petersburg). Consequently the two institutes were united. The specialists of the two institutes together with the scientists of the Research Institute of Military Topographic Survey had to look for the efficient methods of relief survey by means of aerial photography. This kind of research was conducted at higher educational establishments as well.
Though the universal method of image processing by means of analogue stereo restitution-devices was not in common practice, it was still used. Unfortunately the share of stereo-restitution techniques was negligible to cover the vast territories under survey. The theoretical investigations in this direction, conducted by professor A.S. Skiridov, enriched and summarized the experience of other countries. He offered the method of extension which permitted to process successive stereopairs of the strip. On his initiative the light colour floating mark was installed in the instrument called “stereouniversal”, produced in a small batch in 1931-1935.
В этом направлении работали многие энтузиасты – ученые, инженеры, изобретатели. С первых шагов развитие фотограмметрии пошло как путем заимствования иностранного опыта
02 10 2014
5 стр.
Краткий обзор истории фотограмметрии. Роль российских ученых и инженеров в развитии фотограмметрии
14 12 2014
1 стр.
«Развитие парламентаризма в России», посвященный 105-летию парламентаризма в России
24 09 2014
1 стр.
Работа выполнена на кафедре Внешнеэкономической деятельности и международного бизнеса Дипломатической академии мид россии
10 10 2014
1 стр.
Федеральная целевая программа «Развитие транспортной системы России
14 09 2014
8 стр.
Развитие системы принудительного исполнения в России. История исполнительного производства в России
01 10 2014
37 стр.
России. Анализируются особенности возникновения, становления, укрепления, современного состояния и перспектив развития системы повышения профессиональной квалификации педагогически
24 09 2014
1 стр.
Военно-морской флот России, как самостоятельный вид Вооруженных Сил складывается в период с конца 17 до начала 20 века
14 12 2014
1 стр.