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ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ
ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
ВОЛГОГРАДСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
ВОЛГОГРАДСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА
Кафедра «Иностранные языки»
Чтение текстов по специальности 2802
«Технология текстильных изделий»
РПК «Политехник»
Волгоград
2006
М 54
Представлены тексты по текстильной и легкой промышленности и задания к ним, направленные на активизацию специальной лексики.
Предназначены для студентов I, II, III курсов СТФ.
Библиогр.: 4 назв.
Рецензент И. В. Алещанова
Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета
Волгоградского государственного технического университета
© Волгоградский
государственный
технический
университет, 2006
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Данные методические указания предназначены для студентов I-II-III курса СТФ по специальности 2802 «Технология текстильных изделий».
Цель данной работы – подготовить студентов к практической деятельности – умению работать с литературой по специальности и вести беседу по тематике текстов. Предусматривается дальнейшее совершенствование навыков и умений в различных видах чтения, а также обучение устным формам общения по специальности на материале предложенных текстов и упражнений. Задания к текстам, в основном, направлены на активизацию специальной лексики и ставят целью развивать у студентов логическое мышление и умение кратко передавать содержание прочитанного текста.
Методические указания разработаны на основе оригинальных текстов по текстильной и легкой промышленности, взятых из специальных журналов и сайтов Интернета. Эти тексты представляют практический и познавательный интерес для студентов факультетов текстильной и легкой промышленности. Данные указания состоят из 11 уроков и рассчитаны примерно на 33 часа аудиторной работы.
Рекомендуется следующий график изучения материалов данных методических указаний:
I. Первый семестр: Unit 1 на занятиях 14, 15, 16
II. Второй семестр: Unit 2 на занятиях 1, 2, 3
Unit 3 на занятиях 9, 10, 11
Unit 5 на занятиях 7, 8, 9
Unit 6 на занятиях 13, 14, 15
IV. Четвертый семестр Unit 7 на занятиях 1, 2, 3
Unit 8 на занятиях 7, 8, 9
Unit 9 на занятиях 10, 11, 12
V. Пятый семестр: Unit 10 на занятиях 1, 2. 3
Unit 11 на занятиях 4, 5, 6
Упражнения следует выполнять в той последовательности, в какой они расположены в уроке.
Каждому тексту предшествуют подготовительные упражнения, которые направлены на снятие языковых трудностей восприятия текста. Затем текст прочитывается с целью развития навыка понимания его общего содержания. После этого можно приступать к выполнению других упражнений, активизирующих специальную лексику в процессе развития у студентов навыков устной речи и логического мышления.
Авторы
UNIT 1
I. Read and translate the following international words.
Textile, machine, operator, manufacture, product, phase, process, monitor, function, production, synthetic, natural, substance, characteristics, percent, constantly, conical, bobbin, cone, version, material, chemical, metal, base, company.
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1. to tend machines 2. hosiery 3. to control equipment 4. to card 5. to spin 6. to weave 7. to tuft 8. fiber 9. to align 10. sliver 11. blend 12. yarn 13. spinneret 14. to wind (wound) 15. spinning wheel
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обслуживать станки трикотаж управлять оборудованием кардовать, прочесывать, чесать прясть, сплетать ткать
стегать ( одеяло, матрас) волокно, фибра, нить выравнивать, спрямлять лента, прядь смесь нить, пряжа фильера, прядильный орган наматывать прялка
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Textile machinery operators tend machines that manufacture a wide range of textile products. Hosiery, skirts and socks are familiar examples of these products, but many people are surprised to learn that textile products are used in such things as roofs, tires and roads. There are many phases in the textile production process, and operators' duties and responsibilities depend on the product and the type of machinery in use. Machinery operators control equipment that cleans, cards, combs and draws the fiber; spins the fiber into yarn; and weaves, knits or tufts the yarn into textile products. They are responsible for numerous machines that they start, stop, clean and monitor for proper functioning.
The textile production process begins with the preparation of synthetic or natural fibers for spinning. Fibers are cleaned and aligned through carding and combing. To prepare the fiber for the spinning process, very short fibers and any foreign matter are removed and the fibers are drawn into a substance called sliver. During this process, different types of fibers may be combined to give products the desired textures, durability or other characteristics. This is how "50 percent cotton, 50 percent polyester" blends, for example, are created. Operators constantly monitor their machines during this stage, checking the movement of the fiber, removing and replacing cans of sliver, repairing breaks in the sliver, and making minor repairs to the machinery.
The full cans of sliver are then taken to the spinning area. Spinning draws and twists the sliver to produce yarn which is then wound onto conical structures called bobbins or cones. This is an automated version of the old fashion spinning wheel.
Some workers oversee machinery that makes manufactured fibers. These fibers, used in many textile products, are created from materials that, unlike cotton, wool, and flax, are not fibrous in their natural form. To make this fiber, wood pulp or chemical compounds are dissolved or melted in a liquid which is then extruded, or forced, through holes in a metal plate, called a spinneret. The sizes and shapes of the holes in the spinneret determine the shape and the uses of the fiber. Workers adjust the flow of fiber base through the spinneret, repair breaks in the fiber, and make minor adjustments to the machinery. Because this fiber is created by a chemical process, the majority of these workers are employed by chemical companies, not textile mills.
IV. Read the text more carefully and answer the following questions.
1. Textile machinery operator; 2. textile production process; 3. "50 percent cotton, 50 percent polyester" blends; 4. the old fashion spinning wheel; 5. wood pulp.
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to tend, cans of sliver, spinning area, spinneret, minor adjustments, to be dissolved |
1. Textile machinery operators (a)…… machines that manufacture a wide range of textile products. 2. The full (b)….. are taken to the (c) ….. . 3. Wood pulp or chemical compounds are (d) ….. or melted in a liquid which is then extruded or forced through holes in a metal plate called (e) ….. . 4. Workers repair breaks in the fibre and make (f) ….. to the machinery.
1. to manufacture – manufacture – manufacturer – manufacturing – manufac-
tured.
2. to produce – production – productivity.
4. to spin – spinner – spinneret – spinning.
5. to dissolve – dissolution – dissolvable.
6. to adjust – adjustment – adjuster – adjusting – adjusted.
To control, to tend, to align, to card, to spin, to weave, to tuft, to blend, to oversee, to twist, to clean, to combine, to make, to determine, to create, to employ.
Chemicals, process, type, product, machine, material, textile, operator, control, computer, specialize, production, form, finish, monitor.
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1. to bond 2. woven fabrics 3. loom 4. Carpeting 5. backing 6. to repair breaks in yarn 7. minor repairs 8. to monitor the supply of yarn 9. to be controlled by computers 10. production run 11. to maintain 12. to thread the harness 13. to finish 14. to print 15. additive 16. the finished product 17. shrinkage 18. stain-resistant 19. to treat 20. luster |
соединять, связывать текстильная ткань ткацкий станок ковровый настил пола обратная сторона, основа ликвидировать порывы нити косметический ремонт следить за подачей нити контролироваться, управляться компьютерами массовое производство, выпуск продукции обслуживать, содержать в исправности заправлять нить в ремизу отделывать, завершать набивать (ситец), выбивать рисунок добавка, присадка готовый продукт усадка, усушка нелиняющий обрабатывать глянец, лоск, блеск |
When the yarn is ready, it is taken to be woven, knitted, tufted or bonded with heat or chemicals. Each of these processes produces a different type of textile product and requires a different type of machine. For example, woven fabrics are made on looms that interlace the yarn. Knit products, such as socks or women's hosiery, are produced by intermeshing loops of yarn. Carpeting is made through the tufting process, in which the loops of yarn are pushed through a material backing. Although the processes are now highly automated, these concepts have been used for many centuries to produce textile products.
Even though operators work with many different kinds of machines, they share many responsibilities. Each operator oversees numerous machines—repairing breaks in the yarn, monitoring the supply of yarn, and making minor repairs to the machinery. As increasingly automated machinery is used in textile mills, more processes are controlled by computers, making it possible for each operator to monitor a larger area or number of machines. Because of the complexity of many machines, operators often specialize in a particular type of machine. In addition, operators prepare the machinery prior to a production run and help maintain the equipment. For example, they adjust the timing on a machine, thread the harnesses that create patterns in textile goods, and repair machinery.
Once the yarn has been woven, knitted, or tufted, the resulting fabric is ready to be dyed and finished either at the textile mill or at a plant specializing in textile finishing. Because of the variety of consumer preferences, manufacturers print and dye textiles in thousands of different designs and colors. Depending upon the end use of the yarn, it may be dyed before or after it is woven, knitted, or tufted. Some fabric is treated before it is dyed to remove other chemical additives that could affect the quality of the finished product.
In addition to dyeing and printing, products are often finished by treating them to prevent excessive shrinkage, to provide strength, to make them stain-resistant, or to give a silky luster. In the production of hosiery and socks, for example, the stocking or sock is placed on a form and then exposed to steam and heat to give it shape.
IV. Read the text again and find answers to the following questions.
Knit products, a material backing, increasingly automated machinery, consumer preferences, the end use of the yarn.
1. Следить за подачей нити; 2.Готовый продукт; 3. Заправлять нить в ремизу; 4. Ликвидировать порывы нити; 5. Выпуск продукции/массовое производство; 6. Нелиняющая ткань; 7. Ткацкий станок; 8. Выбивать рисунок.
To supply, to produce, to maintain, to add, to treat, to automate, to prepare, to adjust, to create.
Nature, industry, associate, style, natural, synthetic, textile, product, production, construction, panel, type, complex, form, basis, plastic, metal, texture, characteristics.
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1. to manufacture 2. cord
3. twine 4. reinforcing materials 5. braid 6. upholstered furniture 7. to fuse 8. to bond 9. to interlace 10. strand 11. to intertwine 12. to spin (spun, spun) 13. impurity 14. weaving mill 15. finishing mill
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производить, изготовлять веревка, шнур бечевка, шнурок, шпагат упрочняющие материалы тесьма, галун мягкая мебель сплавлять, спаивать соединять, связывать переплетать, сплетать прядь, стренга, локон переплетаться, сплетаться прясть, сучить, производить нить примесь, загрязнение ткацкая фабрика отделочная фабрика
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Nature of the Textile Industry (I)
Textile mills make yarn and fabric for clothing and many other items that keep us warm, safe and in style. Although most people associate textiles with cloth for apparel, the industry also manufactures such products as carpeting, towels, cord and twine, automotive upholstery, reinforcing materials, bulletproof vests and decorative braids and ribbons.
A textile mill takes natural and synthetic fibers, such as cotton and polyester, and blends them to create yarn and fabric used in the production of finished products like clothing and upholstered furniture. A few products—sheets, towels, and hosiery, for example—are ready for the retail market when they leave the textile mill. Although a large share of textile products is used in the production of apparel, nontraditional uses, such as in highway construction and the manufacture of fire resistant housing panels, are growing rapidly.
Textile mills are classified by type of product or process. The major processes of textile production include yarn spinning, weaving, knitting, and tufting. Some textiles are “nonwoven” and are produced by fusing fibers with heat or bonding fibers by using a type of glue. Two or more of these processes often can be found in the same facility. For example, one mill may spin yarn and also weave it into fabric.
Weaving, finishing, yarn and thread mills employed more than half of all workers in the industry. Workers in weaving mills use looms to transform yarns into cloth, a process that has been known for centuries. Looms weave or interlace two yarns, so they cross each other at right angles to form fabric. Although modern looms are complex, automated machinery, the principle remains the same as in ancient times.
Yarns are strands of fibers in a form ready for weaving, knitting or otherwise intertwining to form a textile fabric. They form the basis for most textile production and commonly are made of cotton, wool or synthetic fiber. Yarns also can be made of thin strips of plastic, paper or metal. To produce spun yarn, natural fibers, such as cotton and wool, must first be processed to remove impurities and give products the desired texture and durability, as well as other characteristics. After this initial cleaning stage, the fibers are spun into yarn.
IV. Read the text again and answer the following questions.
1.What do textile mills do?
2. What does the textile industry manufacture in addition to cloth for apparel?
3. How does a textile mill create yarn and fabric used in the production of fin-
ished products?
4. What products are ready for the retail market when they leave the mill?
5. What are textile mills classified by?
6. What do the major processes of textile production include?
7. How are nonwoven textiles produced?
8. Which mills employ more than half of the workers in the industry?
9. How are yarns transformed into cloth?
10. What are yarns?
11. What are yarns made of?
12. Why must natural fibers first be processed to produce spun yarn?
Bulletproof vest, automotive upholstery, decorative braids and ribbons, ready for the retail market, a large share of textile products, , nontraditional uses, fire resistant housing panels, fusing fibers with heat, by using a type of glue, at right angles, automated machinery, in a form ready for weaving, the desired texture and durability.
of fire resistant housing panels, are growing rapidly.
1. To make yarn; 2. nonwoven textiles; 3. to transform yarn into cloth; 4. to remove impurities; 5. initial cleaning stage; 6. to be spun into yarn; 7. ancient times.
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to transform yarn into fabric loop
hand-held a consumer item to account for a backing fabric to draw through nonwoven textile products recycled materials to boost the productivity level flexible manufacturing leadtime flexibility to assess to communicate apparel
customized an investment domestic and international competition |
преобразовывать нить в ткань петля
ручной предмет потребления отвечать, нести ответственность за каркасная ткань протягивать через нетканые текстильные товары повторно используемые материалы повышать уровень производительности труда гибкое автоматизированное производство время на освоение новой продукции гибкость оценить, определить величину говорить, сообщать одежда
заказной, изготовленный по техническим условиям заказчика инвестиция, вклад конкуренция на внутреннем и международном рынке
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Knitting is another method of transforming yarn into fabric. Knitting interlocks a series of loops of one or more yarns to form familiar goods, such as sweaters. However, unlike the knitting done with hand-held needles, knitting in the textile industry is performed on automated machines. Many consumer items, such as socks, panty hose and underwear, are produced from knitted fabric. Knitting mills account for one-fourth of employment in the industry.
Tufting, used by carpeting and rug mills, is a process by which a cluster of soft yarns is drawn through a backing fabric. These yarns project from the backing’s surface in the form of cut yarns or loops to form the familiar texture of many carpets and rugs. Tufting mills employ about 12 percent of textile workers.
Finally, nonwoven textile products are produced by fusing fibers or bonding fibers with a cementing medium or heat. A familiar example of a nonwoven fabric is felt. This segment of the industry is among the fastest growing, because of the medical and sanitary uses for its products.
Regardless of the process used, mills in the textile industry are rapidly modernizing, as new investments in automation and information technology have been made necessary by growing domestic and international competition. Firms also have responded to competition by developing new products and services. For example, some manufacturers are producing textiles developed from fibers made from recycled materials. These innovations have had a wide effect across the industry. Advanced machinery is boosting productivity levels in textiles, costing some workers their jobs, while fundamentally changing the nature of work for others. New technology also has led to broad and increasingly technical training for workers throughout the industry.
The emphasis in the industry continues to shift from mass production to flexible manufacturing, as textile mills aim to supply customized markets. Firms are concentrating on systems that allow small quantities to be produced with minimum leadtime. This flexibility brings consumer goods to retailers significantly faster than before. Information technology allows the retail industry to rapidly assess its needs and communicate them back through the apparel manufacturer to textile firms.
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1. a production worker 2. a supervisor 3. airborne 4. odor
5. textlie facilities 6. work-related injury 7. to average 8. noise shield 9.while bending over machinery 10. fumes 11. coolant 12. lubricant 13. to work on rotating schedules 14. to cause sleep disorder 15. Overtime 16. support personnel |
производственник, рабочий контролер, смотритель находящийся в воздухе запах, аромат текстильное оборудование производственная травма в среднем равняться, составлять шумоизолирующий экран; противошумовой экран наклонившись над станком испарения смазочно-охлаждающая эмульсия смазочный материал, смазка работать по скользящему графику вызывать расстройство сна сверхурочные часы; сверхурочное время вспомогательный персонал |
Working conditions vary greatly. Production workers, including front-line managers and supervisors, spend most of their shift on or near the production floor. Some factories are noisy and can have airborne fibers and odors; but most modern textile facilities are relatively clean, well lit and ventilated.
before they start the working process.
2. Substance which prevents the textile mill’s
mechanisms from corrosion in order to work b. sleep disorder
without a hitch.
3. A process which causes some problems
with normal sleeping. c. protective measures
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1. Employment 2. opportunity 3. administrative support 4. material-moving 5. maintenance 6. a machine setter 7. to set a machine 8. to monitor operation 9. simultaneously 10. to process 11. raw cotton 12. to spin fibers into thread 13. to reduce machine idle time 14. to tend a machine 15. assembler 16. tester 17. sorter
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занятость, служба, занятие, работа благоприятный случай, стечение обстоятельств, возможность служба канцелярии перемещение материалов эксплуатация, техническое обслуживание наладчик станков налаживать, регулировать станок осуществлять текущий контроль за работой одновременно обрабатывать, подвергать обработке хлопок-сырец вытягивать волокна в нить сокращать время простоя станков
(рабочий) сборщик лаборант, испытатель сортировщик |
The textile industry offers employment opportunities in a variety of occupations, but production occupations account for almost 65 percent of all jobs. Some of these production occupations are unique to the industry. (See table 1.) Additional opportunities also exist in material-moving, administrative support, maintenance, repair, management and professional occupations. The industry also employs a small number of workers in service and sales occupations.
Many workers enter the textile industry as machine setters and operators, the largest occupational group in the industry. They are responsible for setting each machine and monitoring its operation. Usually, operators work with one type of less complex machine, but they can advance to jobs operating more sophisticated machinery or several machines simultaneously. They often specialize in a particular type of machine. For example, experienced operators may work with machinery that processes raw cotton, spins fibers into thread or weaves fabric. Additionally, they must diagnose problems when the machinery stops and restart it as soon as possible, to reduce costly machine idle time. Traditionally, operators tended a small number of machines; however, as production processes have become more automated, the number of machines each operator monitors has increased. Team assemblers perform all of the assembly tasks assigned to their teams, rotating through the different tasks, rather than specializing in a single task. They also may decide how the work is to be assigned and how different tasks are to be performed.
Skilled production occupations also include inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers, who use precision measuring instruments and complex testing equipment to detect product defects, wear or deviations from specifications. Among installation, maintenance and repair occupations, industrial machinery mechanics account for about 3 percent of industry employment.
Plant workers who do not operate or maintain equipment mostly perform a variety of other material-moving tasks. Some drive industrial trucks or tractors to move materials around the plant, load and unload trucks and railroad cars or package products and materials by hand.
Engineers and engineering technicians, although a vital part of the textile industry, account for less than 1 percent of employment in the industry. Some engineers are textile engineers, who specialize in the design of textile machinery, the study of fibers and textile production. The industry also employs other types of engineers, particularly industrial and mechanical engineers.
To offer employment opportunities, account for, material-moving, administrative support, maintenance, repair, management, and professional occupa-
tions, to be responsible for, to operate more sophisticated machinery or several machines simultaneously, to process raw cotton,to spin fibers into thread, to weave fabric, to reduce costly machine idle time, to tend a number of machines, to rotate through the different tasks, to specialize in a single task, to use precision measuring instruments, complex testing equipment, to detect product defects, wear or deviations from specifications.
X. Translate the text into Russian.
XI. Work out the plan of the text.
XII. Render the text in Russian.
XIII. Read the text again and speak about the nature of the textile industry.
UNIT 7
I. Read the following international words and translate them.
Training, automated, textile industry, production, diploma, position, extensive, technical, college, test, integral, firm, complex, problem, mechanic, combination, program, center, seminar, modern, premium, effectively, management, concentration, technology, design, business.
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1. advancement 2. entry-level position 3. job applicant 4. to screen 5. the necessary skills 6. experienced 7. contractor 8. to be designed 9. supervisory 10. self-direction 11. interpersonal skills 12. teamwork 13. a bachelor’s degree 14. to take classes |
продвижение по службе, рост положение, должность начального уровня претендент на рабочее место подвергать испытаниям, тщательно отбирать необходимая квалификация опытный
подрядная организация быть предназначенным (для ч-л) контролирующий, надзорный самонаведение навыки межличностных отношений бригадная/коллективная работа степень бакалавра заниматься, изучать ч-л |
As the textile industry becomes increasingly automated, production workers need to be prepared. A high school diploma may be necessary for many entry-level positions, and extensive postsecondary training is required for more technical jobs. This training may be obtained at technical schools and community colleges. More and more often, job applicants are screened through the use of tests, to ensure that they have the necessary skills.
Extensive on-the-job training has become an integral part of working in today’s textile mills. This training may be provided by experienced workers at the firm or by outside contractors and vendors. Technical training is designed to help workers understand complex, automated machinery, recognize problems, and restart machinery when the problem is solved. Installation, maintenance, and repair workers, such as industrial machinery mechanics, also require extensive training, often through a combination of classroom and apprenticeship programs. Training may help experienced workers advance to supervisory positions.
Increasingly, training is offered to enable people to work well in a team-oriented environment. Many firms have established training centers or hosted seminars that encourage employee self-direction and responsibility and the development of interpersonal skills. Because of the emphasis on teamwork and the small number of management levels in modern textile mills, firms place a premium on workers who show initiative and communicate effectively.
Engineering applicants generally need a bachelor’s or advanced degree in a field of engineering or production management. Degrees in mechanical or industrial engineering are common, but concentrations in textile-specific areas of engineering are especially useful. For example, many applicants take classes in textile engineering, textile technology, textile materials and design. These specialized programs usually are found in engineering and design schools in the South and Northeast. As in other industries, a technical degree with an advanced degree in business can lead to opportunities in management.
IV. Read the text again and answer the following questions.
1. Why do production workers need to be prepred?
2. What is required for many entry –level positions and technical jobs?
3. Where may this training be obtained?
4. Why are job applicants screened through the use of tests?
5. What has become an integral part of working in today’s textile mills?
6. Who may extensive on-the-job training be provided by?
7. What is technical training designed for?
8. Do installation, mainenance and repair workers also require extensive train-
ing?
10. What do training centers and hosted seminars encourage workers?
11. Why do firms place a premium on workers who show initiative and com-
municate effectively?
12. What do engineering applicants generally need?
13. What classes do many engineering applicants take?
14. What can a technical degree with an advanced degree in business lead to?
V. Complete the following sentences according to the contents of the text and translate them into Russian.
1. As the textile industry becomes …, production workers need to be prepared.
2. A high school diploma may be necessary for many …, extensive … training
is required for many technical jobs.
3. … training is designed to help workers understand …, … machinery, recog-
nize problems, and … machinery when the problem is solved.
Increasingly automated, a high school diploma, extensive postsecondary training, this training may be obtained at, job applicants, extensive on-the-job training, experienced workers, outside contractors and vendors, to understand complex, automated machinery, to recognize problems, to restart machinery, a combination of classroom and apprenticeship programs, advance to supervisory positions, to work well in a team-oriented environment, to encourage employee self-direction and responsibility, the development of interpersonal skills, to place a premium on workers.
1. Extensive on-the-job training may be proved by experienced workers at the
firm or by outside contractors and venders.
2. Training may help experienced workers advance to supervisory positions.
3. Training is offered to enable people to work well in a team-oriented environment.
VIII. Translate the text into Russian.
IX. Work out the plan of the text.
X. Render the text inRussian.
XI. Read the text again and speak about training and advancement in the textile industry.
UNIT 8
I. Read the following international words and translate them.
Textile industry, production, type, typical, table, occupation, product, forming, operator, synthetic, tractor, contract, percent.
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1. earning 2. nonsupervisory 3. wage 4. to depend upon 5. miscellaneous 6. eligible 7. discount 8. merchandise 9. median hourly earnings 10. extruding 11. tender 12. bleaching 13. dyeing 14. Sewing machine 15. union 16. unionization rate 17. typical benefits
|
заработок, доход неконтролирующий зарплата, оклад, жалование зависеть от смешанный, разнообразный имеющий право, могущий быть избранным скидка товары
средняя почасовая оплата штамповка выдавливанием; формование вы- давливанием, экструдирование механик, оператор отбеливание окрашение, окраска тканей швейная машина профсоюз
степень охвата профсоюзами типовые льготы |
Average weekly earnings of nonsupervisory textile production workers were $450 in 2003, compared with $597 for production workers in all manufacturing and $474 for workers throughout private industry. Wages within the textile industry depend upon skill level and type of mill. At $516, average weekly earnings in miscellaneous textile goods were the highest in the industry, whereas workers in narrow fabric mills earned an average of $400 per week, the lowest in the industry. In addition to typical benefits, employees often are eligible for discounts in factory merchandise stores. Earnings in the largest occupations in textile mill products appear in table 2.
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Table 2. Median hourly earnings of the largest occupations in textile mill products, 2003 | ||
|
Occupation |
Textile mill products |
All industries |
|
Industrial machinery mechanics |
$13.06 |
$17.30 |
|
Maintenance and repair workers, general |
12.75 |
13.39 |
|
Maintenance workers, machinery |
12.08 |
14.89 |
|
Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers |
11.32 |
12.66 |
|
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders |
10.35 |
10.32 |
|
Industrial truck and tractor operators |
10.19 |
11.74 |
|
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers |
9.89 |
12.22 |
|
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders |
9.82 |
9.89 |
|
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders |
9.79 |
9.42 |
|
Sewing machine operators |
8.31 |
7.80 |
1. to …… an average salary per week;
2. to …… workers;
3. to …… smth. by a contract;
4. to …… hourly earnings.
VI. Word families: Fill in the missing words.
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Verb |
Noun |
Adjective |
|
to extend |
(1) …… |
(2) …… |
|
(3) …… |
occupation |
(4) …… |
|
(5) …… |
(6) …… |
comparative |
|
to form |
(7) …… |
(8) …… |
Average weekly earnings, compared with, wages within the textile industry, skill level and type of mill, the highest in the industry, the lowest in the industry, typical benefits, to be eligible for discounts in factory merchandise stores, to be union members, to be covered by a union contract, textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders.
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