Глава 1

¹ Dharam Ghai and Cynthia Hewitt de Alcantara, «The Crisis of the 1980s in Sub-
Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean: Economic Impact, Social Change
and Political Implications,» Development and Change!! (July 1990): 389-426.

² Robert A. Dahl, After the Revolution? Authority in a Good Society, rev. ed. (New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), 80. See also Robert A. Dahl, «Why Free
Markets Are Not Enough,» Journal of Democracy 3 (July 1992): 82—89.

if ³ Immanuel Wallerstein, «Capitalist Markets: Theory and Reality,» Social Science

Information 30 (September 1991): 371.

⁴ James Petras, «Global Transformations and the Future of Socialism in Latin
America,» New Political Science, nos. 18-19 (Winter 1990): 181-93. See also Haldun
Gulap, «The State and Democracy in Underdeveloped Capitalist Formations,» Studies in
Political Economy, no. 32 (Summer 1990): 145-66.

⁵ See Robert A. Dahl, «Governments and Political Oppositions,» in Handbook of
Political Science, vol. 3, ed. Fred 1. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby (Reading, MA:
Addison-Wesley, 1975), 118-22; Robert A. Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics (New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989).

⁶ Согласно Йозефу Шумпетеру (Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and
Democracy, 3d ed. New York: Harper and Row, 1950), 269. «Демократический ме­
тод — это такой институциональный способ принимать политические решения,
при котором право решать индивиды приобретают в результате конкурентной
борьбы за голоса избирателей». Критику данной Шумпетером формулировки вза­
имодействия между капитализмом и демократией см.: David Beetham, «Four
Theorems about the Market and Democracy,» European Journal of Political Research 23
(February 1993): 187-201.

⁷ Charles E. Lindblom, Democracy and Market System (Oslo: Norwegian University
Press, 1988), 116-18, Dahl, After the Revolution? 45-79, 131-32.

⁸ Elizabeth Anderson, «The Ethical Limitations of the Market,» Economics and
Philosophy 6 (October 1990): 179-205; John R. Bowman, «Competition and the
Microfoundations of the Capitalist Economy: Towards the Redefinition of Homo
Economicus,» Politics and Society 18 (June 1990): 233-42.

281

⁹ Ralph Miliband, «Socialism in Question,» Monthly Review 42 (March 1991):
16-24; Wlodzimierz Brus, «The Compatibility of Planning and Market Reconsidered,»
Studies in Comparative Communism 23 (Autumn/Winter 1990): 341—48.

¹⁰ См.: Branko Milanovic, «Privatisation in Post-Communist Societies,» Communist
Economies and Economic Transformation 3 (March 1991): 5-39; Michael Useem,
«Business and Politics in the United States and United Kingdom,» in Structures of
Capital: The Social Organization of the Economy, ed. Sharon Zukin and Paul DiMaggio
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 263-91; Robert A. Dahl, A Preface to
Economic Democracy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), 140-52; Dahl,
After the Revolution ? 96-115.

¹¹ См.: Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms
in Eastern Europe and Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991),
100-135; Barry Hindess, «Imaginary Presuppositions of Democracy,» Economy and
Society 20 (May 1991): 173-95.

¹² См.: Paul R. Gregory, «The Stalinist Command Economy,» The Annals of the
American Academy of Political Social Science 507 (January 1990): 18-25; Joyce Kolko,
Restructuring the World Economy (New York: Pantheon, 1988), 278-96; Robert L.
Heilbroner, The Nature and Logic of Capitalism (New York: Norton, 1985).

¹³ Первоначальная формулировка этих моделей политических систем принад­
лежит Дэвиду Э. Эптеру. См., в частности, две из его работ: David E. Apter, Choice
and the Politics of Allocation (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971), 30-35,
128-54; Introduction to Political Analysis (Cambridge, MA: Winthrop, 1977), 421-52.
См. также предлагаемый мною вариант системной типологии: Charles F. Andrain,
Political Change in the Third World (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1988), особенно стр. 1-75.

¹⁴ Hector E. Schamis, «Reconceptualizing Latin American Authoritarianism in the
1970s: From Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism to Neoconservatism», Comparative Politics
23 (January 1991): 201-20.

Часть I

¹ Randall Collins, Theoretical Sociology (San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jova-
novich, 1988), 46-76.

² Charles F. Andrain, Political Change in the Third World (Winchester, MA: Unwin
Hyman, 1988), 1-51.

³ См.: Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, ed. and trans. Anne M. Cohler,
Basia Carolyn Miller, and Harold Samuel Stone (Cambridge, England: Cambridge
University Press, 1989), 21—128; см. также: David E. Apter, Choice and the Politics of
Allocation (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971), 31-33.

Глава 2

¹ См. Frederich Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, 4th ed.,
(New York: International Publishers, 1942), esp. S-6, 34, 154-63; Eleanor Burke
Leacock, «Primitive Communism,» in A Dictionary of Marxist Thought, ed. Tom Bottomore
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), 394-95.

² Robert Redfield, «The Folk Society,» American Journal of Sociology 52 (January
1947): 293-308; Aidan Southall, «Stateless Society,» International Encyclopedia of the
Social Sciences, vol. 15(NewYork: Macmillan, 1968), 157-68; Gerhard Lenski and Jean
Lenski, Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology, 5th ed. (New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1987), 97-129; Piotr Chmielewski, «The Public and the Private in
Primitive Societies,» International Political Science Review 12 (October 1991): 267—80.

282

³ См.: Richard B. Lee, «Politics, Sexual and Non-Sexual, in an Egalitarian Society,»
Social Science Information 17, no. 6 (1978): 871-95; Richard Borshay Lee, The .'Kung San
Men, Women, and Work in a Foraging Society (Cambridge, England: Cambridge
University Press, 1979), особ. 116-57, 333-461; Lorna Marshall, «The !Kung Bushmen
of the Kalahari Desert,» in: Peoples of Africa, ed. James L. Gibbs, Jr. (New York: Holt,
Rinehart and Winston, 1965), 243-78; Lorna Marshall, «!Kung Bushman Bands,» in:
Comparative Political Systems: Studies in the Politics of Preindustrial Societies, ed. Ronald
Cohen and John Middleton (Garden City, NY: The Natural History Press, 1967),
15-43; Lorna Marshall, The /Kung of Nyae Nyae (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press, 1976); Colin M. Turnbull, Man in Africa (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1977),
159-66; Richard Katz, «Education as Transformation: Becoming a Healer among the
IKungandthe Fijians,» Harvard Educational Review 51 (February 1981): 57-78; Richard
Katz, Boiling Energy: Community Healing among the Kalahari Kung (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 1982); Robert J. Gordon, The Bushman Myth: The Making of a
Namibian Underclass (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992); Robert K.. Hitchcock and
John D. Holm, «Bureaucratic Domination of Hunter-Gatherer Societies: A Study of the
San in Botswana,» Development and Change 24 (April 1993): 305-38.

⁴ Анализ политической системы ибо см. в: Daryll Forde and G. I. Jones, The Ibo
and Ibibio-speaking Peoples of South-Eastern Nigeria (London: International' African
Institute, 1950); M. M. Green, Ibo Village Affairs (New York: Frederick A. Praeger,
1964); M. M. Green, Land Tenure in an Ibo Village in South-Eastern Nigeria (London: P.
Lund, Humphries, and Company, 1941); H. Kami Offonry, «The Strength of Ibo Clan
Feeling,» West Africa 35 (May 26, 1951): 476, (June 2, 1951): 489-90; Mazi Njaka, Igbo
Political Culture (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1974): Ikenna Nzimiro,
Studies in Ibo Political Systems (London: Frank Cass, 1972); S. N. Nwabara, Iboland: A
Century of Contact with Britain, 1860-1960 (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press,
1978), 15-43; C. N. Ubah, «Changing Patterns of Leadership among the Igbo'
1900-1960,» Civilisations 37, no: 1 (1987): 127-57.

⁵ Simon Ottenberg, «Ibo Receptivity to Change,» in Continuity and Change in African
Cultures, ed. William R. Bascom and Melville J. Herskovits (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1959), 130-43; James S. Coleman, Nigeria: Background to Nationalism
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1958), 23-31, 332-43; David E. Apter, The
Politics of Modernization (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), 116-21.

⁶ См.: Nnamdi Azikiwe, Economic Reconstruction of Nigeria (Lagos, Nigeria: African
Book Company, 1943), 8,42, 50; Nnamdi Azikiwe, Renascent Africa (Accra, Ghana: The
Author, 1937), 264, 270; Nnamdi Azikiwe, Zik:A Selection from the Speeches of Nnamdi
Azikiwe (London: Cambridge University Press, 1961), 98; Richard L. Sklar, Nigerian
Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation (Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press, 1963), 230; Charles F. Andrain, «Democracy and Socialism: Ideologies
of African Leaders,» в: Ideology and Discontent, ed. David E. Apter (New York- The Free
Press of Glencoe, 1964), 181-82.

⁷ Charles F. Andrain, Political Change in the Third World (Boston: Unwin Hyman
1988), 215-45.

Глава 3

¹ Гиллермо О'Доннел (Guillermo A. O'Donnell) ввел термин «бюрократическое авторитарное» правление. См. след. работы этого автора: Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoriarianism: Studies in South American Politics (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 1973); «Reflections on the

283

Patterns of Change in the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian State,» Latin American Research Review 13, no. 1 (1978): 3—38; «Tensions in the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian State and the Question of Democracy,» in The New Authoritarianism in Latin America, ed. David Collier (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979), 285—318; Bureaucratic Authoriarianism: Argentina, 1966—1973, in Comparative Perspective, trans. James McGuire (Berkeley: Universiry of California Press, 1988). See too Fernando Henrique Cardoso, «On the Characterization of Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America,» in The New Authoritarianism in Latin America, 33—57; Juan J. Linz, «Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes,» in Handbook of Political Science, vol. 3, ed. Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975), 175-357, esp. 264-350.

² Daniel Chirot, Social Change in the Modern Era (San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich, 1986), 208-22, 247-61; Bruce Russett and Harvey Starr, World Politics: The
Menu for Choice, 4th ed. (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1992), 403-37; Ian Anthony,
Agnes Courades Allebeck, Gerd Hagmeyer-Gaverus, Paolo Miggiano, and Herbert
Wulf, «The Trade in Major Conventional Weapons,» in Stockholm International Peace
Research Institute, SIPRI Yearbook 1991: World Armaments and Disarmament (New
York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 198-99; Abraham F. Lowenthal, «The United
States and Latin American Democracy: Learning from History,» in Exporting Democracy:
The United States and Latin America, ed. Abraham F. Lowenthal (Baltimore, MD: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1991), 243—65; Mark J. Gasiorowski, «Economic
Dependence and Political Democracy: A Cross-National Study,» Comparative Political
Studies 20 (January 1988):489-515.

³ David E. Apter, The Politics of Modernization (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1965), 402-21; William L. Canak, «The Peripheral State Debate: State Capitalist
and Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America,» Latin American Research
Review 19, no. 1 (1984): 3—36; Jeffrey C. Alexander, «Personal Politics,» New Republic
196 (April 6, 1987): 12-13.

⁴ См.: Reinhard Bendix, Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait (Garden City, NY:
Anchor Books, 1962), 98-141; John K. Fairbank, The United States and China, 4th ed.
enlarged (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), 1—139; John King
Fairbank, China: A New History (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard
University Press, 1992), 46-161.

⁵ Benjamin A. Elman, «Political, Social, and Cultural Reproduction via Civil Service
Examinations in Late Imperial China,» Journal of Asian Studies 50 (February 1991):
7-28.

⁶ Benjamin I. Schwartz, The World of Thought in Ancient China (Cambridge, MA:
The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1985)

⁷ См.: Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of
France, Russia, and China (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 67—81,
147—57, 236—83; Lucian W. Pye, «The State and the Individual: An Overview
Interpretation,» China Quarterly, no. 127 (September 1991): 443-65; James Townsend,
«Chinese Nationalism,» Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, no. 27 (January 1992):
97—130; Evelyn S. Rawski, «Research Themes in Ming-Qing Socioeconomic History—
The State of the Field,» Journal of Asian Studies 50 (February 1991): 84-111; Fairbank,
China, 51-53, 96-101,176-86.

⁸ Edwin O. Reischauer and Albert M. Craig, Japan: Tradition and Transformation
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978), 161.

⁹ Michio Morishima, «Ideology and Economic Activity,» Current Sociology 38
(Autumn/Winter 1990): 51—77; Ronald P. Dore, «Economic and Social Development in
East Asia and Confucian Culture,» Comparative Studies on East Asia, no. 3 (March 1991)
14—15; Pan Jianxiong, «The Dual Structure of Chinese Culture and Its Influence on

284

Modem Chinese Society,» International Sociology 5 (March 1990): 75—88; Robert A. Scalapino, «Ideology and Modernization—the Japanese Case,» in Ideology and Discontent, ed. David E. Apter (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1964), 93-127; Apter, The Politics of Modernization, 232—35: Barry Hindess, «Rationality and Modern Society,» Sociological Theory 9 (Fall 1991): 217-18; Samuel P. Huntington and Jorge I. Dominguez, «Political Development,» in Handbook of Political Science, vol. 3, ed. Greenstein and Polsby. 18—22.

¹⁰ См.: Mikiso Hane, Modern Japan: A Historical Survey (Boulder, CO: Westview
Press, 1986), 84-191; Reischauer and Craig, Japan, 133-89; Bradley M.Richardson and
Scott C. Flanagan, Politics in Japan (Boston; Little, Brown, 1984), 1-28; Karel Van
Wolferen, The Enigma of Japanese Power (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989), 295-313,
375-83; Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions, 67-77, 100-104; Ramon H. Myers,
«How Did the Modern Chinese Economy Develop?—A Review Article,» Journal of Asian
Studies 50 (August 1991): 604—28; and the following four essays in Political Modernization
in Japan and Turkey, ed. Robert E. Ward and Dankwart A. Rustow (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 1964): Robert A. Scalapino, «Environmental and Foreign
Contributions,» 64—90; William W. Lockwood, «Economic and Political
Modernization,» 117-45; R. P. Dore, «Education,» 176—204; Masamichi Inoki, «The
Civil Bureaucracy,» 283-300.

¹¹ Hyun-Chin Lim, Dependent Development in the World-System: The Case of South
Korea, 1963—1979 (Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Sociology, Harvard University,
1982), 80-83; The World Bank, World Development Report 1981 (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1981), 137, 171; The World Bank, World Development Report 1983
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), 191, 196-97; Parvez Hasan, Korea:
Problems and Issues in a Rapidly Growing Economy (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1976).

¹² Quee-Young Kim, «Korea's Confucian Heritage and Social Change,» Journal of
Developing Societies A (July-October 1988): 255—69; James B. Palasi, «Confucianism and
the Aristocratic/Bureaucratic Balance in Korea,» Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 44
(December 1984): 427-68.

¹³ Soohn-Ho Hong, «Bureaucracy in Korea», Korea Journal 20 (August 1980): 4—13,
20; Lim, Dependent Development, 45—128; Bruce Cumings, The Two Koreas (New York:
Foreign Policy Association Headline Series, No. 294, Fall 1990): 7—39;. Whang
In—Joung, «Administration of Land Reform in Korea, 1949—52,» Korea Journal 24
(October 1984): 4—20; Hochul Lee, «Political Economy of Land Reforms in Korea and
Bolivia: State and Class in Rural Structure,» Asian Perspective 15 (Spring-Summer 1991):
219-21.

¹⁴ Quee-Young Kim, «Disjunctive Justice and Revolutionary Movements: The 4.19
(sa-il-gu) Upheaval and the Fall of the Syngman Rhee Regime in South Korea,» Journal
of Developing Societies 6 (January-April 1990): 56—70; Norman A. Graham, «The Role of
the Military in the Political and Economic Development of the Republic of Korea,»
Journal of Asian and African Studies 26 (January-April 1991): 114—31.

¹⁵ Bruce Cumings, «The Abortive Abertura: South Korea in the Light of Latin
American Experience,» New Left Review, no. 173 (January-February 1989): 5—32;
Hakjong Yoo, The Two Koreas: A Comparative Political Analysis of a Divided Nation
(Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Political Science, New York University, 1977);
Robert A. Kinney, «Students, Intellectuals, and the Churches: Their Roles in Korean
Politics,» Asian Affairs 8 (January-February 1981): 180—95; George Won and In-Hwan
Oh, «Grass Roots Democracy: The Case of the Korean Labor Movement,» Sociological
Perspectives 26. (October 1983): 399-422; Hagen Koo and Doo-Seung Hong, «Class and
Income Inequality in Korea,» American Sociological Review 45 (August 1980): 610-26;

285

Moon Kyu Park, «Interest Representation in South Korea,» Asian Survey 27 (August 1987): 903-17; Bae-Ho Hahn, «The Role of the State in Development: The Korea Case,» China Report 22 (July-September 1986): 289-306; James Cotton, «Understanding the State in South Korea: Bureaucratic-Authoritarian or State Autonomy Theory?» Comparative Political Studies 24 (January 1992): 512-31; Russell Mardon, «The State and the Effective Control of Foreign Capital: The Case of South Korea,» World Politics 43 (October 1990): 111-38; James Petras and Po-Keung Hui, «State and Development in Korea and Taiwan,» Studies in Political Economy, no. 34 (Spring 1991): 179-98; John Lie, «The Prospect for Economic Democracy in South Korea,» Economic and Industrial Democracy 12 (November 1991): 501-13; John Lie, «The Political Economy of South Korean Development,» International Sociology 1 (September 1992): 285-300; T.J.Pempel, «Of Dragons and Development,» Journal of Public Policy 12 (January-March 1992): 79-95; Chang Yun-Shik, «The Personalist Ethic and the Market in Korea,» Comparative Studies in Society and History 33 (January 1991): 106-29; Robert Wade, «East Asia's Economic Success: Conflicting Perspectives, Partial Insights, Shaky Evidence,» World Politics (January 1992): 270-320.

¹⁶ The Democratic Movement in South Korea, «South Korea under Chun Doo-hwan: Analysis of Its Economy and Politics,» Korea Scope 2 (September 1982): 3—36; James Cotton, «From Authoritarianism to Democracy in South Korea,» Political Studies 37 (June 1989): 244-59; Young Whan Kihl, «South Korea's Rise to Prominence,» Current History 88 (April 1989): 165-68, 192-93; Cumings, «The Abortive Abertura,» 24-32.

Глава 4

¹ James S. Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic
Reform (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991), 29-53; Raymond Duncan
Gastil, «The Comparative Survey of Freedom: Experiences and Suggestions,» Studies in
Comparative International Development 25 (Spring 1990): 25-50; John Keane,
«Democracy and the Media,» International Social Science Journal 43 (August 1991):
523-40; Arend Lijphart and Markus M. L. Crepaz, «Corporatism and Consensus
Democracy in Eighteen Countries: Conceptual and Empirical Linkages,» British Journal
of Political Science 21 (April 1991): 235-46.

² См.: Keith Blackburn and Michael Christensen, «Monetary Policy and Policy
Credibility: Theories and Evidence,» Journal of Economic Literature 27 (March 1989):
5-7; Ernest Gellner, «Civil Society in Historical Context,» International Social Science
Journal^ (August 1991): 495-510.

³ David E. Apter, Introduction to Political Analysis (Cambridge, MA: Winthrop
Publishers, 1977), 255-68, 303-75.

⁴ См.: Raymond D. Gastil, Freedom in the World: Political Rights and Civil Liberties.
1987-1988 (New York: Freedom House, 1988), 54-65; Freedom House Survey Team,
R. Bruce McColm, coordinator. Freedom in the World: Political Rights and Civil Liberties,
1989-1990 (New York: Freedom House, 1990), 312-13; R. Bruce McColm, «The
Comparative Survey of Freedom: 1992,» Freedom Review 23 (January-February 1992):
5-24; Roberto P. Korzeniewicz and Kirnberley Awbrey, «Democratic Transitions and
the Semiperiphery of the World-Economy,» Sociological Forum 7 (December 1992):
620-29.

⁵ См.: Robert A. Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics (New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press, 1989), 232-64; Gellner, «Civil Society in Historical Context,» 500-505; Dietrich
Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development

286

and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), esp. 1-11 40-78' 269-302.

⁶ Robert A. Dahl, «Governments and Political Oppositions,» in Handbook of Political
Science, vol. 3, ed. Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby (Reading, MA: Addison-
Wesley, 1975), 120-22; Eva Etzioni-Halevy, «Democratic-Elite Theory; Stabilization
versus Breakdown of Democracy,» European Journal of Sociology 31 (November 1990V
317-50.

⁷ James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational
Basis of Politics (New York: The Free Press, 1989), 143-72; Dahl, Democracy and Its
Critics, 299-341.

⁸ David E. Apter, «Radicalization and Embourgeoisement: Some Hypotheses for a
Comparative Study of History,» Journal of Interdisciplinary History 1 (Winter 1971V
265-303.

⁹ Michael Coppedge and Wolfgang H. Reinicke, «Measuring Polyarchy,» Studies in
Comparative international Development 25 (Spring 1990): 51-72.

¹⁰ Krishan Kumar, «Class and Political Action in Nineteenth-Century England,»
European Journal of Sociology 24, no. 1 (1983); 3-43; Norman Gash, Politics in the Age of
Peel (London: Longmans Green, 1953); Eugene С Black, ed., British Politics in the
Nineteenth Century (New York: Walker and Company, 1969).

¹¹ Rosemary H. T. O'Kane, «Military Regimes: Power and Force,» European Journal
of Political Research 27 (May 1989): 333-50.

¹² См.: Amnesty International Report 1991 (London: Amnesty International
Publications, 1991); Stephen F. Cohen, «What's Really Happening in Russia?» Nation
254 (March 2,1992); 259-68; World Opinion Update 15 (February 1991): 14-15, Donald
S. Kellerman, Andrew Kohut, and Carol Bowman, The Pulse of Europe: A Survey op
Political and Social Values and Attitudes (Washington, D.C.: Times Mirror Center for the
People and the Press, 1991 ), section IX, Questionnaire, 91.

¹³ См.: Hugh Hecio and Henrik Madsen, Policy and Politics in Sweden: Principled
Pragmatism (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1987), 314-32; Stefan
Svallfors, «The Politics of Welfare Policy in Sweden: Structural Determinants and
Attitudinal Cleavages,» British Journal of Sociology 42 (December 1991): 609-34; Ulf
Olsson, «Planning in the Swedish Welfare State,» Studies in Political Economy, no. 34
(Spring 1991): 147-71; Lars Tragardh, «Swedish Model or Swedish Culture?» Critical'
Review 4 (Fall 1990): 569-90; Ola Listhaug, «Macrovalues: The Nordic Countries
Compared,» Ada Sociologica 33, no. 3 (1990): 219-34; Barbara Hobson, «No Exit, No
Voice: Women's Economic Dependency and the Welfare State,» Ada Sociologica 33, no.

3 (1990): 235-50; Sidney Verba, Steven Kelman, Gary R. Orren, Ichiro Miyake, Joji Watanuki, Ikuo Kabashima, and G. Donald Ferree, Jr., Elites and the Idea of Equality: A Comparison of Japan. Sweden, and the United States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), 71-276; M. Donald Hancock, Sweden: The Politics of Postindustrial Change (Hinsdale, IL: Dryden Press, 1972), 36-88; Richard M. Coughlin, Ideology. Public Opinion and Welfare Policy: Altitudes toward Taxes and Spending in Industrialized Societies (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 1980); Douglas A. Hibbs, Jr., The Political Economy of Industrial Democracies (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), 241-57; Hans F. Dahl, «Those Equal Folk,» Daedalus ИЗ (Winter 1984): 93-107.

¹⁴ Gunnar Wallin, «Towards the Integrated and Fragmented State: The Mixed Role
of Local Government,» West European Politics 14 (July 1991): 96-121; Jon Pierre,
«Central State, Local Government, and the Market: Industrial Policy and Structural
Change in Japan and Sweden,» European Journal of Political Research 20 (July 1991):
1—19; Bo Rothstein, «Marxism, Institutional Analysis, and Working-Class Power: The '

287

Swedish Case,» Politics and Society 18 (September 1990): 317-45; Jonas Pontusson, «Labor, Corporatism, and Industrial Policy: The Swedish Case in Comparative Perspective,» Comparative Politics 23 (January 1991): 163—79.

¹⁵ Jonas Pontusson, «Sweden,» in European Politics in Transition, 2d ed., ed. Mark
Kesselman and Joel Krieger (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath, 1992), 427-509; Erik Allardt,
«Representative Government in a Bureaucratic Age,» Daedalus 113 (Winter 1984):
169-97; Hancock, Sweden, 89—240; Richard F. Tomasson, Sweden: Prototype of Modern
Society (New York: Random House, 1970), 17-127, 242-94; Nils Stjemquist, «Judicial
Review and the Rule of Law: Comparing the United States and Sweden,» Policy Studies

Journal 19 (Fall 1990): 106-15.

¹⁶ Svante Ersson, «Some Facts about Swedish Politics,» West European Politics 14
(July 1991): 197—204; Thomas T. Mackie and Richard Rose, The International Almanac
of Electoral History, 3d ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1991), 400-19.

¹⁷ Diane Sainsbury, «Swedish Social Democracy in Transition: The Party's Record
in the 1980s and the Challenge of the 1990s,» West European Politics 14 (July 1991):
31—57; Hans Bergstrom, «Sweden's Politics and Party System at the Crossroads,» West
European Politics 14 (July 1991): 3—30; Martin Bennulf and Soren Holmberg, «The
Green Breakthrough in Sweden,» Scandinavian Political Studies 13, no. 2 (1990):
165-84; Sven Steinmo, «Political Institutions and Tax Policy in the United States,
Sweden, and Britain,» World Politics 41 (July 1989): 500-535; Sven E.Olsson, «Swedish
Communism Posed between Old Reds and New Greens,» Journal of Communist Studies
2 (December 1986): 359—79; Pontusson, «Sweden.» 464—75; G0sta Esping-Andersen,
Politics against Markets: The Social Democratic Road to Power (Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press, 1985); G0sta Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990).

¹⁸ Charles F. Andrain, Social Policies in Western Industrial Societies (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 1985), 66-84, 122—24,150,174—80; Sven Steinmo, «Social Democracy vs. Socialism: Goal Adaptation in Social Democratic Sweden,» Politics and Society 16 (December 1988): 403—46; Steinmo, «Political Institutions and Tax Policy in the United States, Sweden, and Britain,» 500—535; «The Swedish Labour Movement at the Crossroads: Interview with Rudolf Meidner,» with an Introduction by Rianne Mahon, Studies in Political Economy. no. 28 (Spring 1989): 7—31; Rudolf Meidner, «Renewal Funds: A Swedish Innovation,» Economic and Industrial Democracy 8 (May 1987): 237—42; M. Donald Hancock and John Logue, «Sweden: The Quest for Economic Democracy,» Polity 17 (Winter 1984): 248—70; James Fulcher, «Labour Movement Theory versus Corporatism: Social Democracy in Sweden,» Sociology 21 (May 1987): 231—52; Marvin E. Olsen, Participatory Pluralism: Political Participation and Influence in the United States and Sweden (Chicago: Nelson Hall, 1982), 125-38, 181-272; Sonja Drobnic, «Political Participation of Yugoslav Immigrants in Sweden,» European Journal of Political Research 16 (November 1988): 645—58; Sainsbury, «Swedish Social Democracy in Transition,»

49-51.

¹⁹ Jan-Erik Lane, «Interpretations of the Swedish Model,» West European Politics 14 (July 1991): 1-7; Peter Swenson, «Bringing Capital Back In, or Social Democracy Reconsidered: Employer Power, Cross-Class Alliances, and Centralization of Industrial Relations in Denmark and Sweden,» World Politics 43 (July 1991): 513-44; Peter Swenson, «Labor and the Limits of the Welfare State: The Politics of Intraclass Conflict and Cross-Class Alliances in Sweden and West Germany,» Comparative Politics 23 (July 1991): 379—99; Olof Petersson, «Democracy and Power in Sweden,» Scandinavian Political Studies 14, no. 2 (1991): 173—91; Gudmund Hemes, «The Dilemmas of Social Democracies: The Case of Norway and Sweden,» Ada Sociologica

288

34, no. 4 (1991): 239—60; Rianne Mahon, «From Solidaristic Wages to Solidaristic Work: A Post-Fordish Historic Compromise for Sweden?» Economic and Industrial Democracy 12 (August 1991): 295-325; Douglas A. Hibbs, «Market Forces, Trade Union Ideology and Trends in Swedish Wage Dispersion,» Ada Sociologica 34 (June 1991): 89—102; Andrew J. Taylor, «Trade Unions and the Politics of Social Democratic Renewal,» West European Politics 16 (January 1993): 135—36, 144; Miriam Golden, «The Dynamics of Trade Unionism and National Economic Performance,» American Political Science Review 87 (June 1993): 439-54, esp. 441; Rudolf Meidner, «The Rise and Fall of the Swedish Model,» Studies in Political Economy, no. 39 (Autumn 1992): 159-71; Jonas Pontusson, «At the End of the Third Road: Swedish Social Democracy in Crisis,» Politics and Society 20 (September 1992): 305—32; Ersson, «Some Facts about Swedish Politics,» 201—202; Gregg Olsen, «Labour Mobilization and the Strength of Capital: The Rise and Stall of Economic Democracy in Sweden,» Studies in Political Economy, no. 34 (Spring 1991 ): 109—45; Olsson, «Planning in the Swedish Welfare State,» 147—71; Michele Micheletti, «Swedish Corporatism at a Crossroads: The Impact of New Politics and New Social Movements,» West European Politics 14 (July 1991): 144—65; Michele Micheletti, «Toward Interest Inarticulation: A Major Consequence of Corporatism for Interest Organizations,» Scandinavian Political Studies 13, no. 3 (1990): 255—76; Goran Brulin and Tommy Nilsson, «From Societal to Managerial Corporatism: New Forms of Work Organization as a Transformation Vehicle,» Economic and industrial Democracy 12 (August 1991): 327—46; Bennulf and Holmberg, «The Green Breakthrough in Sweden,» 174—75; Jonas Pontusson, «Radicalization and Retreat in Swedish Social Democracy,» New Left Review, no. 165 (September-October 1987): 5—33; Olof Ruin, «The Swedish Model and the Erlander-Palme Era,» in Traditional Thought and ideological Change: Sweden and Japan in the Age of Industrialisation, ed. S. Cho and N. Runeby (Stockholm: Department of Japanese and Korean, University of Stockholm, 1988), 107-14; Peter Walters, «The Legacy of Olof Paline: The Condition of the Swedish Model,» Government and Opposition 22 (Winter 1987): 64—77; Erik Asard, «Industrial and Economic Democracy in Sweden: From Consensus to Confrontation,» European Journal of Political Research 14, nos. 1—2 (1986): 207-19; Joanne Barkan, «Sweden: Not Yet Paradise, But...» Dissent 36 (Spring 1989): 147—51; Andrew С Twaddle, «Swedish Physicians' Perspectives on Work and the Medical Care System—V. Comparisons across Specialties,» Social Science and Medicine 29, no. 10 (1989): 1207-16; Philip Jenkins, «The Assassination of Olof Palme: Evidence and Ideology,» Contemporary Crises 13 (March 1989): 15—33; Heclo and Madsen, Policy and Politics in Sweden, 314—32.

²⁰ Stefan Svallfors, «Sweden: Social Democrats in Trouble,» Dissent 38 (Winter 1991): 21-23; Svallfors, «The Politics of Welfare Policy in Sweden,» 609-34; Sainsbury, «Swedish Social Democracy in Transition,» 31-57; «Sweden: All, or Almost All, Change,» The Economist Ш (September 21, 1991): 60-61, 123; Economist Intelligence Unit, Sweden: Country Profile 1991-92 (London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 1991), 25—28; Tomas Hammar, «'Cradle of Freedom on Earth': Refugee Immigration and Ethnic Pluralism,» West European Politics 14 (July 1991): 182-97; B. Gustafsson, «Public Sector Transfers and Income Taxes among Immigrants and Natives in Sweden,» . International Migration 28 (June 1990): 181—99; S. Lundstrom, «'Welcome House' in Stockholm— Receiving Refugees in a Big City,» International Migration 29 (December 1991): 617-21; J0rgen Goul Andersen and Tor Bj0rklund, «Structural Changes and New Cleavages: The Progress Parties in Denmark and Norway,» Ada Sociologica 33, no. 3 (1990): 195-217; Diane Sainsbury, «The 1991 Swedish Election: Protest, Fragmentation, and a Shift to the Right,» West European Politics 15 (April 1992): 160—66; Jan-Erik Lane, Tuomo Martikainen, Palle Svensson, Gunnar Vogt, and Henry

10 Чарльз Ф. Эндрейн 289

Valen, «Scandinavian Exceptionalism Reconsidered,» Journal of Theoretical Politics 5 (April 1993): 195-220, esp. 223-24; Anders Widfeldt, «The Swedish Parliamentary Election of 1991.» Electoral Studies 11 (March 1992): 72-77; Jon Pierre and Anders Widfeldt, «Sweden,» European Journal of Political Research 22 (December 1922): 519-26; Ingemar Worlund, «The Swedish Parliamentary Election of September 1991,» Scandinavian Political Studies 15, no. 2 ( 1992): 135-43.

²¹ Michael Moran, «Sweden's Temperate Revolution,» New Leader 74 (October
7-21, 1991): 13-14; Economist Intelligence Unit, Sweden: Country Report, no. 4 (1991):
2-20; Charles Humana, World Human Rights Guide, 3d ed. (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1992), xvii—xix, 306—8; United Nations Development Programme,
Human Development Report 1993 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 11-17,
135-37; Timothy M. Smeeding, «Cross-National Comparisons of Inequality and
Poverty Position,» in Economic Inequality and Poverty: International Perspectives, ed. Lars
Osberg (Armonk, NY:M.E.Sharpe, 1991), 39-59.

²² Ivor Crewe and Donald D. Searing, «Ideological Change in the British
Conservative Party,» American Political Science Review 82 (June 1988): 361-84; Ivor
Crewe, «Values: The Crusade that Failed,» in The Thatcher Effect: A Decade of Change,
ed. Dennis Kavanagh and Anthony Seldon (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989),
239—50; Dennis Kavanagh, Thatcherism and British Politics: The End of Consensus ?2ded.
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), 9-12, 102-22, 246-50; Samuel Britain, «The
Thatcher Government's Economic Policy,» in The Thatcher Effect, 1—37; Michael
Ignatieff, «Citizenship and Moral Narcissism,» Political Quarterly 60 (January 1989):
63-74.

²³ Bo Rothstein, «State Structure and Variations in Corporatism: The Swedish Case,»
Scandinavian Political Studies 14, no. 2 (1991) 149—71; Howard Glennerster, Anne
Power, and Tony Travers, «A New Era for Social Policy: A New Enlightenment or a New
Leviathan?» Journal of Social Policy 20 (July 1991): 389-414; John Slewart,
«Developments in Central-Local Relations in England and Wales,» International Review
of Administrative Sciences 53 (December 1987): 483—505; Harold Wolman,
«Understanding Recent Trends in Central-Local Relations: Centralisation in Great
Britain and Decentralisation in the United States,» European Journal of Political Research
16 (July 1988): 425-35; Arthur Cyr, «Britain Moves toward 1.990.,» Current History 87
(November 1988): 369-72, 390; Caroline Ellis, «Local Government in Crisis,» New
Statesman and Society 4 (February 15,1991): 24—25; J. R. G. Tomlinson, «The Schools,»
in The Thatcher Effect, 183-97; Peter Scott, «Higher Education,» in The Thatcher Effect,
198-212.

²⁴ Jenny Hocking, «Counterterrorism as Counterinsurgency: The British
Experience,» Social Justice 15 (Spring 1988): 83-97; Barry Loveday, «Getting Back into
the Act: Metropolitan Police Authorities in the 1990s,» Political Quarterly 62 (July-
September 1991): 386-92; Peter Jenkins, «Not-so Free Speech in Britain,» New York
Review of Books 35 (December 8, 19.88): 17-23; K. D. Ewing and С A. Gearty, Freedom
under Thatcher: Civil Liberties in Modern Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990);
«Banned,» New Statesman o;id Society 4 (April 5, 1991): 2-31; Index on Censorship 17
(September 1988).

²⁵ Kavanagh, Thatcherism and British Politics, 250-63; Richard Rose, Politics in
England, 4th ed (Boston: Little, Brown, 1986), 320-22.

26 ^у_П Grant, «The Erosion of Intermediary Institutions,» Political Quarterly 60

(January 1989): 10-21; Joel Wolfe, «State Power and Ideology in Britain: Mrs.
ThaAcher's Privatization Programme,» Political Studies 39 (June 1991): 237-52; В. C.
Roberts, «Trade Unions,» in The Thatcher Effect, 64—79; Jelle Visser, «Trends in Trade
Union Membership,» Employment Outlook (Paris: Organisation for Economic

290

Cooperation and Development, 1991), 101, 110—13; David Marsh, «British Industrial Relations Policy Transformed: The Thatcher Legacy,» Journal of Public Policy 11 (July-September 1991 ): 291-313.

²⁷ Heidrun Abromeit, «British Privatisation Policy,» Parliamentary Affairs 41
(January 1988): 68—85; Ziya Onis, «Privatization and the Logic of Coalition Building: A
Comparative Analysis of State Divestiture in Turkey and the United Kingdom,»
Comparative Political Studies 24 (July 1991): 231-53; Pippa Norris, «Thatchers
Enterprise Society and Electoral Change,» West European Politics 13 (January 1990):
67-69.

²⁸ Kavanagh, Thatcherism and British Politics, 243—50; Mackie and Rose, The
International Almanac of Electoral History, 453-55. Kavanagh, p. 243.

²⁹ См.: Peter Jenkins, Mrs. Thatcher's Revolution: The Ending of the Socialist Era
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988).

³⁰ См.: Peter A. Hall, «Policy Paradigms, Social Learning, and the State: The Case
of Economic Policymaking in Britain,» Comparative Politics 25 (April 1993): 275—96;
Andrew Gamble, «The Entrails of Thatcherism,» New Left Review, no. 198 (March-April
1993): 117—28; Geoffrey Garrett, «The Politics of Structural Change: Swedish Social
Democracy and Thatcherism in Comparative Perspective,» Comparative Political Studies
25 (January 1993): 521—47; Geoffrey Garrett, «The Political Consequences ofThatcher-
ism,» Political Behavior 14 (December 1992): 361—82; Mariusz Mark Dobek,
«Privatization as a Political Priority: The British Experience,» Political Studies 41 (March
1993): 24—40; Geoffrey Evans, Anthony Heath, and Clive Payne, «Modelling Trends in
the Class/Party Relationship 1964-87,» Electoral Studies 10 (June 1991): 101-3; Crewe,
«Values: The Crusade that Failed,» 242; Crewe and Searing, «Ideological Change in the
British Conservative Party,» 375—79.

³¹ Economist Intelligence Unit, United Kingdom: Country Profile 1991—92 (London:
Economist Intelligence Unit, 1991), 21-46; Arthur Neef and James Thomas,
«International Comparisons of Productivity and Unit Labor Cost Trends in
Manufacturing,» Monthly Labor Review 111 (December 1988): 28.-31; Monthly Labor
Review 114 (October 1991): 100-102; Stephen McBride, «The Comparative Politics of
Unemployment: Swedish and British Responses to Economic Crisis,» Comparative
Politics20 (April 1988): 303—23; Paulette Kurzer, «Unemployment in Open Economies:
The Impact of Trade, Finance, and European Integration,» Comparative Political Studies
24 (April 1991): 3—30; Axel van den Berg and Joseph Smucker, «Labor Markets and
Government Interventions: A Comparison of Canadian and Swedish Labor Market
Policies,» International Journal of Contemporary Sociology 29 (April 1992): 9—45; Thomas
A. Koelble, «Recasting Social Democracy in Europe: A Nested Games Explanation of
Strategic Adjustment in Political Parties,» Politics and Society 20 (March 1992): 51—70;
Peter Hall, Governing the Economy: The Politics of State intervention in Britain and France
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), esp. 100-136, 229-83; Jonas Pontusson,
«Conditions of Labor-Party Dominance: Sweden and Britain Compared,» in Uncommon
Democracies: The One-Party Dominant Regimes, ed. T. J. Pempel (Ithaca, NY: Cornell
University Press, 1990), 58—82; Denis MacShane, «Majorism and the Rentier
Economy,» Dissent 38 (Fall 1991): 468-71; OECD, Employment Outlook (July 1991);
219, 247—48; Christopher A. Pissarides, «Macroeconomic Adjustment and Poverty in
Selected Industrial Countries,» World Bank Economic Review 5 (May 1991): 207—29;
Jeremy Laurance, «To Those that Have,» New Society 83 (January 15, 1988): 24;
Anthony B. Atkinson, «Comparing Poverty Rates Internationally: Lessons from Recent
Studies in Developed Countries,» World Bank Economic Review 5 (January 1991): 15;
Rachel A. Rosenfeldand Arne L. Kalleberg, «Gender Inequality in the Labor Market: A
Cross-National Perspective,» Ada Sociologica 34, no. 3 (1991): 207—25; Howard Oxley

io* 291

and John P. Martin, «Controlling Government Spending and Deficits: Trends in the 1980s and Prospects for the 1990s,» OECD Economic Studies, no. 17 (Autumn 1991): 145—89; Nick Fielding, «The Thatcher Audit,» New Statesman and Society 3 (December 21 and 28, 1990): 20-23; Simon Deakin and Rank Wilkinson, «Labour Law, Social Security and Economic Inequality,» Cambridge Journal of Economics 15 (June 1991): 125-48; Peter Jenkins, «Thatcher's Britain,» Geopolitique, no. 31 (Fall 1990): 13-16; Keith Buchanan, «Planned Ruination: Thatcher's Britain,» Monthly Review ЪЭ (February 1988): 1—9; Bob Rowthorn, «Government Spending and Taxation in the Thatcher Era,» in The Economic Legacy 1979—1992, ed. Jonathan Michie (San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1992), 261—93; Ian McAllister and Donley T. Studlar, «Region and Voting in Britain, 1979—87: Territorial Polarization or Artifact?» American Journal of Political Science 36 (February 1992): 168-99.

³² Bob Jessop, Kevin Bonnett, Simon Bromley, and Tom Ling, Thatcherism: A Tale
of Two Nations (Cambridge, England: Polity Press, 1988), esp. 127-83; Thomas O.
Hueglin, «The Politics of Fragmentation in an Age of Scarcity: A Synthetic View and
Critical Analysis of Welfare State Crisis,» Canadian Journal of Political Science 20 (June
1987): 235—64. В отличие от Джессопа и др. я считаю Великобританию раз­
деленной на несколько частей, а не просто на «две нации».

³³ Economist Intelligence Unit, United Kingdom: Country Report, no. 2 (1992): 4—11;
Economist Intelligence Unit, United Kingdom: Country Profile 1991-92, 6-10;
Economist Intelligence Unit, Sweden: Coutry Report, no. I (1993):2—18; The Economist
327 (May 29-June 4, 1993): 113: Monthly Labor Review 114 (October 1991): 100; Steven
Prokesch, «Thatcher's Miracle: Victim of Its Own Excess,» New York Times March 9,
1992, Cl, C3; Garrett, «The Political Consequences of Thatcherism,» 377-78; Graeme
D. Eddie, «Sweden: Krona Crisis Stalls 'New Start,'» World Today 49 (January 1993):
9-12.

³⁴ Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: The Free
Press, 1992), 48.

³⁵ См.: Stephen Holmes, «The Scowl of Minerva,» New Republic 206 (March 23,
1992): 27-33.


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