3. Определите неличные формы глагола, содержащиеся в следующих предложениях. Переведите их.

1. The problems to be studied are of great importance. 2. The problem studied helped us understand many things. 3. To study the problem we must make some experiments. 4. To study the problem means to give answers to many questions. 5. Having studied the problem we could answer many questions. 6. The problem studied is unlikely to be of great interest. 7. Scientists studying the problem made a lot of experiments to get answers to the required questions. 8. The problem to have been studied last year will not help us to solve our task now. 9. Having been well prepared for the examination the pupils could answer all the questions the teacher asked them. 10. The problem to be discussed at the meeting requires careful consideration.

4. Выполните перевод предложе­ний.

I. 1. Accuracy is one of the major items in judging a control system. The higher the accuracy of the system, the less errors the system makes. 2. The digital computer employs the princi­ple of counting units, digits, and hence, if properly guided, gives answers which have a high degree of accuracy. 3. Electronic computers can choose which of several different operations are the right ones to make in given circumstances. Never before has mankind had such a powerful tool available. 4. In many cases man has proved to be but an imperfect controller of the ma­chines he has created. Thus, it is natural, that wherever neces­sary, we should try to replace the human controller by some form of automatic controller. 5. It is necessary to draw a distinction between calculating machines and computers, the former requir­ing manual control for each arithmetic step and the latter hav­ing the power to solve a complete problem automatically.

II. 1. Many servomechanisms and regulators are known to be composed of a number of control elements connected in se­ries, the output of one being used as the input to the next. 2. We expect a computer to work for at least several hours without a fault; that is to say, supposing a speed of one thousand opera­tions per second, to perform more than ten million operations. 3. Digital programming implies the preparation of a problem for a digital computer by putting it in a form which the computer can understand and then entering this program into the com­puter storage unit. A problem to be solved by a digital comput­er must be expressed in mathematical terms that the computer can work with. 4. Among all forms of magnetic storage, mag­netic tapes were the first to be proposed in connection with dig­ital computers. 5. Programming a computer involves analysing the problem to be solved and a plan to solve it.

5. Прочтите тексты (по вариантам) и составьте короткую аннотацию на каждый из них.

1. The WORLD-WIDE WEB

People have dreamt of a universal information database since late nineteen forties. In this database, not only would the data be accessible to people around the world, but it would also eas­ily link to other pieces of information, so that only the most important data would be quickly found by a user. Only recently the new technologies have made such systems possible. The most popular system currently in use is the World-Wide Web (WWW) which began in March 1989. The Web is an Internet-based computer network that allows users on one computer to access information stored on another through the world-wide network.

As the popularity of the Internet increases, people become more aware of its colossal potential. The World-Wide Web is a product of the continuous search for innovative ways of sharing information resources. The WWW project is based on the prin­ciple of universal readership: "if information is available, then any person should be able to access it from anywhere in the world." The Web's implementation follows a standard client-server model. In this model, a user relies on a program (the cli­ent) to connect to a remote machine (the server), where the data is stored. The architecture of the WWW is the one of clients, such as Netscape, Mosaic, or Lynx, "which know how to present data but not what its origin is, and servers, which know how to extract data", but are ignorant of how it will be presented to the user.

One of the main features of the WWW documents is their hypertext structure. On a graphic terminal, for instance, a par­ticular reference can be represented by underlined text, or an icon. "The user clicks on it with the mouse, and the referenced document appears." This method makes copying of informa­tion unnecessary: data needs only to be stored once, and all ref­erenced to it can be linked to the original document.

2. SUCCESS of the WWW

Set off in 1989, the WWW quickly gained great popularity among Internet users. What is the reason for the immense suc­cess of the World-Wide Web? Perhaps, it can be explained by CERN's attitude towards the development of the project. As soon as the basic outline of the WWW was complete, CERN made the source code for its software publicly available. CERN has been encouraging collaboration by academic and commer­cial parties since the onset of the project, and by doing so it got millions of people involved in the growth of the Web.

The system requirements for running a WWW server are minimal, so even administrators with limited funds had a chance to become information providers. Because of the intuitive na­ture of hypertext, many inexperienced computer users were able to connect to the network. Furthermore, the simplicity of the Hyper Text Markup Language, used for creating interactive documents, allowed these users to contribute to the expanding database of documents on the Web. Also, the nature of the World-Wide Web provided a way to interconnect computers running different operating systems, and display information created in a variety of existing media formats.

In short, the possibilities for hypertext in the world-wide en­vironment are endless. With the computer industry growing at today's pace, no one knows what awaits us in the 21st century.

Note _______________________________________________

CERN was originally named after its founding body the 'Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire,' and is now called 'European Laboratory for Particle Physics'.

3. A BRIEF HISTORY of the INTERNET

In 1973 the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated a research program to investigate techniques and technologies for interlinking packet networks of various kinds. The objective was to develop communication protocols which would allow networked computers to communicate trans­parently across multiple, linked packet networks. This was called the Internetting project and the system of networks which emerged from the research was known as the "Internet" (In­tercontinental Network).

During the course of its evolution, particularly after 1989, the Internet system began to intergrate support for other pro­tocol suites into its basic networking fabric. By the end of 1991 the Internet has grown to include some 5000 networks in over three dozen countries, serving over 700,000 host computers used by over 4,000,000 people.

The bulk of the system today is made up of private network­ing facilities in education and research institutions, business and in government organizations across the globe.

A secretariat has been created to manage the day-to-day function of the Internet Activities Board (IAB) and Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). IETF meets three times a year in plenary and in approximately 50 working groups convene at intermediate times by electronic mail, teleconferencing and at face-to-face meetings.

There are a number of Network Information Centres (NICs) located throughout the Internet to serve its users with documen­tation, guidance, advice and assistance. As the Internet contin­ues to grow internationally, the need for high quality NIC func­tions increases. Although the initial community of users of the Internet were drawn from the ranks of computer science and engineering its users now comprise a wide range of disciplines in the sciences, arts, letters, business, military and government administration.

6. Quiz-game "Do you know more about computers"? (Divide into two groups and give answers to even (1 gr.) and odd (2 gr.) question numbers.)

1. What are the main functional units of a digital comput­er?

2. What types of storage do you know?

3. What is a binary number system?

4. What is storage media?

5. How is storage capacity measured (in what units)?

6. What do you know of electronic memories?

7. What can you say about electromechanical memories?

8. How do you understand the term "access time"?

9. What is RAM / ROM?

10. What storage devices do you know?

11. What is the function of the CPU?

12. What two functional units does the CPU consist of?

13. What components does control unit include?

14. What devices does the arithmetic-logical unit have?

15. What is the ALU function?

16. What is the function of CU?

17. What is the heart (brain) of a microprocessor?

18. What is the purpose of input devices?

19. How do you understand the term "input-output environ­ment"?

20. What groups can I/O devices be classified according to their speed?

21. Name devices used for inputting information.

22. What is touch pad?

23. What is a scanner used for?

24. What types of printers do you know?

25. When did the first personal computer appear?

26. What differs PC from large computer systems?

27. What is a personal computer?

28. What are the main spheres of PC applications?

29. What professions are in great need of computers?

30. What is modem and what is it used for?

31. What is programming?

32. What is a program?

33. What techniques for planning the program logic do you know?

34. What do you understand by pseudocode?

35. What is a code?

36. What is the foundation of any programming language?

37. What programming languages do you know?

38. What is FORTRAN used for? Decode it.

39. What does COBOL serve for? Decode it.

40. What is WWW?

7. For questions 1-17, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space.

INTERNET: HOW IT AFFECTS US

We live in a multi-media society. How (1) ________ the Inter­net affect our lives? It can be very helpful to people (2) _________ carefully choose websites (3) _________ they visit. The Internet (4) ________ increase our knowledge of the outside world; there (5) ________ much high-quality information that can help us un­derstand many fields (6) _________ study: science, medicine, the arts and so on. In (7) _________ global network you can find any information in (8) _________ few minutes. Otherwise you would have (9) _________ search for the necessary information in directories, libraries or on the phone (10) _________ a long time. The Internet (11) _________ already revolutionized the way we live and work. But these are still early days (12) ______ the Internet. We don't know how (13) ___________ it is still changing the world. The Internet is (14) __________ up-to-date wonder. (15) __________ the proverb says: "nothing is wonderful, when you get used to it", that is (16) __________ the Internet fails to astonish us any (17) ___________.

8. Read the text. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.

One of the most (1) _________ functions of the Internet is its (2) ________ function. The Internet keeps people informed about current events, as well as about the (3) ___________ (4)_________ in science and culture. You can even find out how to pass from the (5) _____________ station to the house of your girlfriend, who (6) _________ moved to London. Recently a system of (7). ________ learning became (8) ____ You can study foreign languages and even study in universities. Indi­vidual (9) _________ program can be developed (10) _________ for you. The Internet is also (11) _________ used in busi­ness. Thanks to the Internet, we have rapid (12) _________ with partners from all corners of the world. You can even conduct (13) ________, hear and see your contacts, and (14) ________ graphic and textual information.

VALUE INFORM LATE ACHIEVE GROUND RECENT DISTANT POPULARIZE EDUCATE ESPECIAL WIDE CONNECT NEGOTIATE CHANGE

9. Read the text below and look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct, and some have the word which shouldn't be there. If a line is correct, put a let­ter R. If a line has a word which shouldn't be there, write the word.

1 _____ On the other hand, there are several serious disad-

2 _____ vantages to the Internet. Of course, it provides to us

3 _____ with a pleasant way to relax and spend free time, but

4 _____ some people spend an average of six hours or more a

5 _____ day on the network. Many children have look at a screen

6 _____ for more hours each day than they do anything else,

7 _____ including the studying and sleeping. It's clear that the

8 _____ network has a powerful influence on their lives, and

9 _____ that its influence is often negative. Another disadvan-

10 _____ tage is that why for many people the Internet becomes

11 _____ more "real" than reality, and their own lives seem bor-

12 _____ ing. Also, many people get upset or depressed when

13 _____ they can't to solve problems in real life as quickly as

14 _____ they can do it in internet games. In real life they can-

15 _____ not simply press "escape".

10. Complete this text using the correct word from the box. Use each word once only. There is an extra word which you do not need to use.

wide opportunity violence similar choice

absence addiction need already almost

The most negative effect of the Internet could be people's (1) ____________ to it. People often feel a strange and powerful (2) ____________ to spend time on the network. Addiction to a computer screen is (3) ______________ to drug or alcohol ad­diction: people (4) ______________ never believe they are ad­dicted. One more disadvantage of the Internet is the (5) ___________ of information control. Children receive (6) ______________ ac­cess to porno sites and sites with (7) _____________ and promot­ing hate.

From that, how much we know about the Internet depends on the (8) _____________ we make and how effectively we use the (9) ___________ of the Internet in our time.

11. For questions 1-12, read the text and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space.There is an example (0) at the beginning.

Mr Microsoft

William Henry Gates, known as Bill Gates, is probably the richest man in America. He (0) studied engineering and (1) _______now become the world's most famous computer engineer. When he was 15, he (2) _______ a system for controlling traffic in Seattle. In 1975 he (3)_______ a book on the computer language BASIC. He (4) _______ Harvard in the same year and (5) _______ writing computer programs. In 1977, he (6) _______ Microsoft with a friend and created DOS, an operating system for computers. In 1981 Microsoft (7) _______ a giant step forward when IBM adopted DOS for its personal computers. Nowadays, there can be few people who have not (8) _______ of Bill Gates. He has (9) _______ two books, both of which have (10) _______ bestsellers. He has not (11) ________ the age of 40 yet, but Gates has already (12) _______ a fortune in excess of 30 billion dollars.

Some Jokes About Computers

Computer Term Dictionary

586: The average IQ needed to understand a PC

State-of-the-art: Any computer you can’t afford.

Obsolete: Any computer you own.

Microsecond: The time it takes for your state-of-the art computer to become obsolete.

G3: Apple’s new Macs that make you say, ”Gee, it’s three times faster than the computer I bought for the same price a microsecond ago.”

Syntax Error: Walking into a computer store and saying,” Hi, I want to buy a computer and money is no object.”

Hard Drive: The sales technique employed by computer sales men, especially after a Syntax Error.

Keyboard: The standard way to generate computer errors.

Mouse: An advanced input device to make computer errors easier to generate.

Floppy: The state of your wallet after purchasing a computer.

Portable Computer: A device invented to force businessmen to work at home, on vacation and on business trips.

Disc Crash: A typical computer response to any critical deadline.

System Update: A quick method of trashing ALL of your software.
Sources
1.Luke Prodromou. Rising Star.Student’s Book. A Pre-First Certificate Course: Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2000.

2.Tricia Walker. Computer Science. - Prentence Hall International (UK) Limited,1992.

3.Богацкий И.С., Дюканова Н.М. Бизнес-курс английского языка. - Киев: 000 «ИП Логос», 2003.

4.Боярская Ю.А. Английский язык: Руководство для подготовки к экзаменам. - М.: 000 «Издательство Астрель», 2004.

5.Дуда Н.В. Тестовые задания для подготовки к ЕГЭ по английскому языку. - Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2003.

6.Кутькова А.С., Ковалева Т.А., Москалец Л.Е. Интернет в жизни планеты: Учебно-справочное пособие по английскому языку. - М.: Высш. шк., 2004.

7.Лоскутова Г. В., Масленникова Ю. В. О компьютере по-английски: Учебное пособие по чтению на английском языке – СПб.: КАРО, 2004.

8.Любченко А.С Новые олимпиады по английскому языку. -Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2005.

9.Плюгина Н.В. Контрольные работы по английскому языку к учебнику Кузовлева В.П. для 10-11 классов. - Ростов н/Д: «Феникс», 2004.

10.Радовель В.А. Английский язык: Основы компьютерной грамотности: Учебное пособие - Ростов н/Д: «Феникс», 2005.

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