Can & could

1. I couldn't see anything in the darkness. 2. Come when you like. I can see you at any moment. 3. Could you pass me the bread, please? 4. You could play the piano very well if you practised. 5. She couldn't have forgotten to post your letter. 6. Look! I can lift this chair with one hand. 7. He said that foreigners could not occupy these houses. 8. I can lend you an umbrella if you like. 9. She is unwell, she can't leave her room. 10. A policeman arrived and told him he couldn't park there. 11. I could never understand what made her behave as she did. 12. "Life," the old man said, "can only be understood when you are old. Now I see all the mistakes I could have avoided." 13. He was surprised that she could paint so well. 14. If you are tired you can lie on the sofa for a bit.

May & might

1. She murmured that he might stay if he wished. 2. "May I escort you home?" he said. 3. He may have forgotten about your appointment or he may have come. 4. "Were you afraid that that I might have found out the truth by coming here?" asked Vivien. 5. For all you know he may be a happily married man. 6. If he knew the facts he might tell us what to do. 7. You might at least get better marks in English. 8. He said that I might come to him any day I liked. 8. I asked if I might bring my wife down next Saturday. 9. If he walks from the station, he may arrive in the course of the next half an hour. If he drives he may be here any moment. 10. It was some special occasion. I don't remember what. It may have been my birthday. 11. He may not have learned the news, that's why he looks as if nothing had happened.

Must (to have to, to be to), should, ought

1. You really must work harder if you want to pass your exams. 2. Dan is too tired. He should not drive really. 3. I feel sick. I should not have eaten so much ice-cream. 4. It's a very good book. You ought to read it. 5. You must move your car. It blocks the way. 6. He ought to have passed his driving test easily. 7. Why should I do the cooking? 8. Kate should be happy. She's passed her exam. 9. The baby oughtn't to play with a box of matches. 10. I must leave you, but I will never forget you. 11. The pupils don't have to go to school on Sundays. 12. But she'll have to buy a new coat next winter. 13. You must follow this diet strictly. 14. The children were out dancing when they should have been learning their lessons. 15. I'll see and speak to Maurice. He should not behave like that. 16. He came out of the water, smiling, "You should have come earlier," he said. 17. You should have chosen a more suitable time to tell me that dreadful news. 18. She must be out shopping. 19. She must know nothing about it. 20. We had to walk all the way to the station. 21. She had to change her shoes after working in the garden. 21. We'll have to run. 22. The shoes are a size too small. I'll have to go to the shop and have them changed. 23. They are to go to Spain in July. 24. We were to meet at the entrance to the theatre at a quarter to nine.
Ex. 1. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя модальный глагол may.

Model: Possibly you left your book behind. – You may have left the book behind.

1. Perhaps you left your umbrella in the bus. 2. Perhaps he went to the cafe to wait for us. 3. Perhaps it was Helen who rang you up. 4. Perhaps they came by plane. 5. Perhaps it was too cold for the children to go out. 6. It is possible that he took his children to the zoo. 7. Possibly they have seen the new play. 8. Possibly Mary misunderstood you.

Ex. 2. Вставьте модальные глаголы may (might) или can (could).

1. …I use your pen? 2. … I find a pen on that table? 3. You … read this book: you know the language well enough. 4. You … take this book: I don't need it. 5. … I help you? 6. … I ask you to help you? 7. … you help me? 8. I … not imagine her speaking in public: I knew that she was so shy. 9. Something was wrong with the car: he … not start it. 10. A fool … ask more questions than a wise man … answer. 11. She asked me if she … use my telephone. 12. Waiting … be endless. 13. …you tell me the nearest way to the city museum? 14. They … think that I am too weak to take part in the excursion, but I am strong enough to do any kind of hard work, indeed. 15. He knew this period of history very well: he had read everything on the subject he … find in the rich university library.

Ex. 3. Заполните пропуски модальными глаголами can, may или must.

1. What … we see on this map? 2. … you speak Spanish? – No, unfortunately I … 3. At what time … you come to the University? 4. … I come in? 5. You … not smoke here. 6. … take your book? – I am afraid not: I need it. 7. He … not speak English yet. 8. I have very little time: I …go. 9. They … not go to the park today because they are busy. 10. You … read this text: it is easy enough.

Ex. 4. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя модальный глагол to be to.

Model: The lecture is supposed to begin at eight. – The lecture is to begin at eight.

1. What am I supposed to do if they come too early? 2. It was arranged that the youngest children would play on the beach. 3. We expect you to show the palace to her. 4. I am expected to leave tomorrow morning. 5. This is Dora. It is arranged that she will share the room with you. 6. And who will do the cooking? 7. It is expected that two more apartment houses will be built here. 8. Who will meet you at the station?

Ex. 5. Вставьте модальные глаголы to have to или to be to.

1. She … to send a telegram because it was too late to send a letter. 2. They decided that she … to send them a telegram every tenth day. 3. You … to learn all the new words for the next lesson. 4. Do you know this man? He … to be our new teacher of physics. 5. Who … to go to the library to get the new books? – I was, but I couldn't because I … to finish some work at the chemical laboratory. 6. It is raining. You …to put on your raincoat. 7. "The patient … to stay in bed for a few days," ordered the doctor. 8. The child had stomach trouble and … to take castor oil. 9. I told her she … to open the window for a while every day. 10. The agreement was that if Johny White could not repay the money he had borrowed, then Luke Flint … to have the right to sell the land. 11. If I don't ring up before six o'clock, then you … to go to the concert hall alone and wait for me at the entrance. Is that clear? 12. The farmers … to gather their cotton at once, as they had been warned that heavy rains were expected. 13. I … to wear glasses as my eyesight is very weak.

Ex. 6. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя модальный глагол need.

Model: It is not necessary to go there. – You need not go there.

It was not necessary to go there. – You need not have gone there.

1. There was no necessity for her to do it herself. 2. There is no reason for you to worry: he is as strong as a horse. 3. Why did you mention all these figures? The situation was clear as it was. 4. It was not necessary for you to remind me about her birthday. I remember the date very well. 5. It was not necessary for mother to cook this enormous dinner: we have brought all the food the children may want.
Ex. 7. Вставьте модальные глаголы may, must или need.

1. … we hand in our compositions tomorrow? – No, you … not, you … hand them in after Sunday. 2. … John really do this today? – No, he … not, he … do it tomorrow if he likes. 3. You … not let this cup fall: it … break. 4. … I help you with your coat on? 5. … I take this book for a little while? – I am sorry, but I … return it to the library at once. 6. They … come at any time they like between ten and twelve in the morning, but they … not come if they don't want to. 7. … I go there right now? – Yes, you … .

Ex. 8. Вставьте модальные глаголы can, may, must, need.

1. You … not go out today: it is too cold. 2. … I take your pencil? – Yes, please. 3. We … not carry the bookcase upstairs: it is too heavy. 4. We … not carry the bookcase upstairs ourselves: the workers will come and do it. 5. When … you come to see us? – I …come only on Sunday. 6. Shall I write a letter to him? – No, you … not, it is not necessary. 7. … you cut something without a knife? 8. Peter … return the book to the library. We all want to read it. 9. Why … not you understand it? It is so easy.

Ex. 9. Translate into Russian

1. He must have sold his piano. 2. He may have sold his piano. 3. He might have sold the piano. 4. He can't have sold his piano. 5. He should have sold his piano. 6. He shouldn't have sold his piano. 7. He needn't have sold his piano. 8. He didn't have to sell his piano. 9. He had to sell his piano. 10. He was to sell his piano.

Ex. 10. Translate into English

1. Они, должно быть, уехали в Нью-Йорк. 2. Они, возможно, уехали в Нью-Йорк. 3. Может быть, они и уехали в Нью-Йорк (хотя едва ли). 4. Не может быть, чтобы они уехали в Нью-Йорк. 5. Им следовало уехать в Нью-Йорк (а они не уехали). 6. Им не следовало уезжать в Нью-Йорк (а они уехали). 7. Они могли и не уезжать в Нью-Йорк (а они уехали). 8. Им незачем было уезжать в Нью-Йорк (они и не уехали). 9. Им пришлось уехать в Нью-Йорк. 10. Им предстояло уехать в Нью-Йорк.

Ex. 11. Answer the questions

1. She can swim and what about you? 2. He can't speak French and you? 3. Ann may stay here and what about Peter? 4. Mary is not allowed to walk after dark and what about her sister? 5. He has to look a few words in the dictionary and what about you? 6. I can't find our seats and you? 7. She must do these exercises again and what about Mike? 8. She will be able to speak fluent English in few months and you? 9. Mother will have to go to a doctor and what about father? 10. I shan't be able to stay and what about your friend? 11. He had to earn his living and what about his sister?

Ex. 12. Translate the words in brackets. (Use can, to be able to, may)

1. Of course, I (могу) translate this article. 2. I think I (мог бы) show you how to do it. 3. You (можно) go and tell her about it. 4. (Можно) I see the doctor now? 5. He (мог бы помочь) you but he didn't want to bother. 6. You (можете) easily get there in 20 minutes. 7. You (сможете) do it directly on return. 8. (Можно) I have some cream with my tea? 9. You (нельзя) discuss the subject with your friends. 10. She was in a hurry, she (не могла) wait for us. 11. There is a sign. You (нельзя) take pictures here. 12. The swimmer was very tired but he (смог) reach the shore. 13. Before her illness, she (могла) work 14 hours a day. 14. When they buy a car, they (смогут) visit their friends more often. 15. (Мож­но) we leave the room? Is the lesson over? 16. (Умеете) you stand on your head? – I (умел) when I was at school but I (не могу) now. 17. Where (можно) I buy fruit? 18. He (не мог) answer the teacher’s questions yesterday, but he (может) answer the same questions today. 19. (Можно) I come and see you this evening? – Of course you (можете). 20. When I first went to Spain I (мог) read Spanish but I (не мог) speak it. 21. He said that we (можем) use his flat whenever we liked. 22. There was a lot of noise in the street last night, and I (не мог) sleep. 23. (Можно) I borrow your umbrella? 24. It’s very cold. (Можно) I shut the windows?

Ex. 13. Translate into English

1. Ты можешь говорить по-французски? – Нет, только по-английски. 2. Ты можешь кататься на лыжах? – Да, но я не смогу принять участие в соревнованиях (competition). 3. Я не смог перевести этот текст, хотя вы объяснили все правила (rules). 4. Ты можешь починить мой телевизор? – Нет, я не умею чинить телевизоры. 5. Ты представляешь, моя мама сама смогла починить утюг. 6. Здесь нельзя останавливаться. 7. Можно задать тебе вопрос? – Да, но боюсь, я не смогу на него ответить. 8. Когда мы сдадим экзамены, мы сможем поехать в деревню. 9. Он не смог сдать последний экзамен, он заболел. 10. Не может быть, чтобы он опоздал. Он всегда такой пунктуальный. 11. Он не мог прочитать эту книгу так быстро; она трудна для него. 12. Вряд ли она забыла об этом; я об этом ей напоминала только вчера. 13. Вы, возможно, встретите его на станции. 14. Может быть он оставил нам записку. 15. Вы, возможно, забыли свои перчатки дома. 16. Она, возможно, поймет это позже. 17. Может быть дверь была не заперта. 18. Возможно, они не хотят видеть нас. 19. Она, может быть, напишет Вам. 20. Она, возможно, всё уже забыла.

Ex. 14. Complete the sentences with can, could, may, might

1. He went to bed but he … not sleep. 2. … I have another cup of coffee? 3. We had a feeling that we … have seen that man before. 4. … I smoke here? – I'm afraid not. 5. What kind of furniture … you see in the sitting room? 6. You … find our manager upstairs. 7. They … arrive today or tomorrow. 8. Students … not leave class without permission. 9. He … play the piano beautifully. 10. I wonder if we … wear walking shoes in here. 11. They … not get in touch with you last Monday. 12. I believe the company … make a profit this year.

Ex. 15. Complete the sentences with must, have to, can

1. I'm afraid you … not come in here if you are under 18. It's against the law. 2. I … remember to phone Sue. It's her birthday. 3. You … not take this medicine if you feel better. 4. You … smoke in the hall but not in the classrooms. 5. I've told you a hundred times you … not cross the road without looking. You'll have an accident. 6. If you don't want to fall ill you … not drink cold water. 7. The phone is ringing. I … answer it at once. 8. You … drive on the left in Britain. 9. The car … be parked in the packing area.

Ex. 16.Open the brackets and complete the sentences with must, have to, be to

1. You … (not tell) him about it. It’s a secret. 2. It looks like rain. You … (take) your raincoats. 3. You … (not talk) so loudly here. 4. In his youth he … (work) from morning till night to earn his living. 5. He … (wait) at the station till it stopped raining. 6. The secretary informed us when the manager … (come). 7. They … (leave) on Saturday, but because of the delay with their visas they … (book) tickets for Monday. 8. They … (not tell) him anything about it before they get further instructions. 9. He … (leave) for London that night. 10. … I (do) it all by myself? 11. It was too late to change their plans and they … (put up) with it. 12. You … (not prepare) all this work, I will help you. 13. Stay here till she is free. I think you … (not wait) long. 14. We … (conduct) a series of experiments this week. 15. Remember that we … (be) at this place not later that noon.

Ex. 17. Translate the words in brackets. (Use must, have to, be to, should)

1. He (пришлось) take the documents to the police station. 2. You (должны) try to find the mistake and correct it. 3. If you want to become a good football player you (должны) be an athlete. 4. I (вынужден был) read the letter twice before I understood it. 5. You (должны) think of others. 6. The lecture (должна) begin at 8 o’clock. 7. It has been arranged that she (должна) come and help the old lady. 8. It is necessary that you should do it. You simply (должны) do it. 9. If you (должны) meet Mother at six, you must try.

Ex. 18. Make the following sentences negative and interrogative.

1. Everybody has to be honest. 2. You must help me. 3. She must have seen you there. 4. We have to write the essay now. 5. The children must be playing somewhere in the street. 6. They will have to come back soon. 7. The letter must have been sent long ago. 8. Alice had to call her boss. 9. This man will have to leave. 10. You must never speak to her like that. 11. The wall had to be painted. 12. You must buy me a new phone. 13. I have to finish this article by tomorrow.

Ex. 19. Translate into English

1. Мне надо видеть его сегодня же. 2. Мне пришлось идти туда самому. 3. Вам придется немного подождать. 4. Когда же он должен прийти? 5. Сейчас же отдай ей мяч. 6. Не смей с ней играть. 7. Вы должны вставать рано каждый день? 8. Мы должны были встретиться в театре. 9. Мне не пришлось ждать его долго. 10. Вам придется поговорить с ней. 11. Им пришлось очень долго идти пешком. 12. Ему надо переписать сочинение. 13. Когда вы должны быть в университете завтра. 14. Мне надо идти туда сейчас?

Ex. 20. In the following statements change the form of the infinitive to refer to the past. Add appropriate time references.

Model: They must be waiting for you. → They must have been waiting for you yesterday.

1. It must be raining. 2. She must be pleased about it. 3. She must be really fond of you. 4. They must be always trying to help him. 5. She must know nothing about it. 6. She must be out shopping. 7. She must be the youngest child in her class. 8. Somebody must be trying to get you on the phone. 10. The children must be at school now.

Ex. 21. Choose the right variant

1. She looks bad. She should (be/ have been) more careful about her health. 2. You shouldn’t (miss/ have missed) the chance. It was a brilliant opportunity for you. 3. I think the policeman was right. She shouldn’t (exceed/ have exceeded) the speed. 4. I ought to (bring/ have taken) the opera glasses. Now I see nothing. 5. It seems to me that he is a hot-temper person and often flies into a rage because of mere trifles. He should (control/ have controlled) his temper. 6. They should (clear/ have cleared) up the problem long time ago. 7. I ought not to (stay/ have stayed) there long. The party was a failure. 8. You should (shave/ have shaved) this beard of yours! 9. She should (be/ have been) more attentive. Didn’t she see a car on the right? 10. It’s a secret. You ought not to (reveal/ have revealed) it to anybody.

Ex. 22. Translate into English

1. Она, должно быть, читает эту книгу. 2. Должно быть, она готовила обед, когда пришел брат. 3. Должно быть, он сейчас разговаривает по телефону. 4. Она, должно быть, написала сестре. 5. Она, должно быть, писала сестре, когда вы ее увидели. 6. Она, должно быть, ждет нас в институте. 7. Он, должно быть, живет на юге. 8. Он, по всей вероятности, забыл, что обещал зайти. 9. Они, наверное, пишут сочинение уже около двух часов и скоро должны закончить. 10. Они, наверное, забыли, что должны были прийти в 5 часов. 11. Ей пришлось перепечатывать письмо несколько раз. Она, должно быть, устала и сделала много ошибок. 12. Ты, должно быть, пропустил его. Ты должен был быть более внимательным. 13. Вы, должно быть, с ним уже поговорили. Я вижу, вы всё знаете. 14. Он не должен был так грубо разговаривать. Это могло обидеть его. 15. Она не должна была закрывать окно так быстро. Надо было проветрить комнату получше.

Ex. 23. Complete the sentences with must, have to, can, may, need

1. Ann is very obedient. She … not have acted against her father's will, I'm sure. 2. I … be wrong but everything seemed to happen so quickly there. 3. The students were told that they … take part in the discussion. 4. … you be at home tonight? 5. … I ask you how you knew my address? 6. However difficult the task … be, you are expected to do it in time. 7. … you give the jury an example? 8. And yet she … be fond of him or she'd never look at him as she did. 9. We … not solve the problem in this way. 10. They … practise their pronunciation every day. 11. We … not speak in a whisper. There is nobody in. 12. I … walk miles before I found a place where the river was wide.

Unit 3

The participle

Ex. 1. Write all forms of the participle for the following verbs

to do, to take, to read, to dance, to meet, to say, to publish, to type, to see, to hear, to tell, to cook, to mix, to invite, to repeat, to move, to press, to open, to translate, to argue, to reset, to report, to use.

Ex. 2. Translate the following participles

1. 
   1) покупающий, покупая, купленный, покупаемый; 2) получающий, получая, полученный, получаемый; 3) переводящий, переводя, переведенный, переводимый; 4) написанный; 5) принесенный; 6) давая; 7) разговаривающий; 8) спрошенный; 9) отвечая; 10) читаемый; 11) рассказанный; 12) издаваемый; 13) работающий; 14) читая; 15) открывающий; 16) берущий; 17) потерянный; 18) сделанный; 19) стоя; 20) идущий; 21) входя; 22) смотрящий; 23) построенный; 24) видя
   
2. 
   1) разбитая чашка; 2) проигранная игра; 3) разорванный конверт; 4) проигравшая команда; 5) кипяченая вода; 6) кипящая вода; 7) забытый метод; 8) лающая собака; 9) испытанный метод; 10) жареная рыба; 11) жарящаяся рыба; 12) вспрыгнувший на стол кот; 13) прыгающая собака; 14) украденная тема; 15) смеющийся голос; 16) смеявшаяся девушка; 17) выбранная тема; 18) печеный картофель; 19) потерянный шанс; 20) найденное решение; 21) выигравший спортсмен; 22) написанное письмо
   

Ex. 3. State forms and functions of Participles. Translate into Russian

1. There was a tiny smile playing about the corners of his mouth. 2. You can get the recommended book in the library. 3. He asked her to go on with her story, promising not to interrupt her again. 4. Receiving no letters from her father, she called him. 5. He left the office at 3 o’clock, saying he would be back at 5. 6. She stood leaning against the wall. 7. He lay on the sofa reading a newspaper. 8. Seeing her he raised his hat. 9. Having signed the letter the manager asked the secretary to send it off at once. 10. Informed of the arrival of the ship, they sent a car to the port. 11. Having lived in that town all his life, he knew it very well. 12. Having been well prepared for the interview, he could answer all the questions. 13. Being checked with great care, the report didn’t contain any errors. 14. Being told of his arrival, I went to see him. 15. While skating yesterday, he fell and hurt himself. 16. She showed the travelers into the room reserved for them. 17. The leaves lying on the ground reminded us of autumn. 18. Books read in childhood seem like old friends. 19. He had a beautiful old house in Queen Anne Street, and being a man of taste he had furnished it admirably. 20. Being very tired of his work, he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles. 21. Abraham appeared at noon the next day, bringing with him two hundred dollars in cash. 22. Much of the afternoon I looked out of the window, as though thinking, but not really thinking. 23. Having breakfasted, I went out. 24. He looked at his father listening with a kind of painful desperation. 25. Prepared for any consequences, I formed a project. 26. He looked at her for a moment as though amazed at her friendliness.

Ex. 4.Open the brackets using the correct form of the participle. Do not mix these: interesting films – interested spectators, exciting games – excited children, boring lessons – bored students, burning fires – burnt woods, sinking ships – sunk ships.

1. A crowd of (excite) people were watching the fireman trying to save the (burn) building. 2. “During my vacation I came across several extremely (interest) books,” he said. “Which ones?” she asked in an (interest) voice. 3. Why do you look so (worry)? – I’ve had a number of (worry) telephone calls lately. 4. I don’t know what was in the (burn) letter I didn’t read it. 5. Nothing can save the (sink) ship now, all we can do is to try and save the passengers. 6. It was an (excite) incident. No wonder she spoke about it in an (excite) voice. 7. After hearing the (frighten) tale the (frighten) children wouldn’t go to sleep. 8. The doctor did his best to convince her that there was nothing seriously wrong with the body, but the (worry) mother didn’t calm down.

Ex. 5. Replace the attributive clauses (определительное придаточное предложение) by the Participle

Model: All the people who live in this house are students. - All the people living in this house are students.

1. The man who is speaking now is our new secretary. 2. The apparatus that stands on the table in the corner of the laboratory is quite new. 3. The young man who helps the professor in his experiments studies at an evening school. 4. People who take books from the library must return them in time. 5. There are many students in our class who take part in the performance.

Ex. 6. Replace the adverbial clauses of time by the Participle

Model: When you speak English, pay attention to the intonation. – (When) speaking English, pay attention to the intonation.

1. Be careful when you cross a street. 2. When you leave the room, don’t forget to switch off the light. 3. When you begin to work with the dictionary, don’t forget my instructions. 4. When they were traveling in Central Africa, the explorers met many wild animals. 5. When you copy English texts, pay attention to the articles. 6. You must have much practice when you are learning to speak a foreign language.

Ex. 7. Point out Objective and the Subjective Participial Constructions. Translate into Russian.

1. In the midday quiet of the bush she heard a small bird singing. 2. The taxi could be seen waiting outside. 3. His face clouded when he heard his name spoken. 4. She had the drawing room redecorated. 5. For their New Year's Eve party she had all the furniture moved out of the parlor and sitting room. 6. Get your things packed. 7. The two men were heard descending. 8. She had her armchair moved to the corner of the porch. 9. Mary could feel Elizabeth reviewing their hopes and dreams, their relationship as sisters. 10. She averted her eyes each time she found herself being stared at.

Ex. 8. Paraphrase the following using
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