Participle I where it is possible.

Model: The man who is speaking to Mary is a well-known surgeon. – The man speaking to Mary is a well-known surgeon.

1. The woman who is working in the garden is my sister. 2. The man who made a report yesterday came back from the USA. 3. I couldn't ring them up because I didn't know their telephone number. 4. We went so see our friends who had just returned from a voyage. 5. The sidewalks were crowded with people who were watching the carnival. 6. He had a massive gold watch which had belonged to his father. 7. He stood at the counter and hesitated, he didn't know what to choose. 8. I looked at the people who were lying on the beach. 9. The people who are waiting for the doctor have been sitting here for a long time.

Ex. 9. Paraphrase the following using Participle II.

Model: These are only a few attempts, which were made to improve the situation. – These are only a few attempts made to improve the situation.

1. The new job which has been offered to me lately, seems to be very interesting. 2. He couldn't recognize the square, which was rebuilt, while he was away. 3. The news, which you've brought to us, is exciting. 4. The things that are left behind by passengers are usually taken to the Lost Property Office. 5. The answer, which had been so long expected, came at last. 6. There was a dead silence in the room, which was broken only by his cough. 7. The sunrays lighted the magnificent house, which was built on the hill. 8. The castle which was built may years ago, was in good order. 9. The computer that was bought a few days ago has gone wrong.

Ex. 10. Open the brackets and use the correct form of Perfect Participle.

1. (see) so little of the country, I'm afraid I cannot answer all your questions. 2. (arrive) two days before the conference he had a lot of time in Edinburgh. 3. I felt very tired (work) the whole day in the sun. 4. (buy) a pair of gloves we moved to the shoe department. 5. She left (tell) us all she had found out. 6. (get) what he wanted he took his hat and left. 7. I felt refreshed (sleep) for eight hours. 8. (complete) all our preparations we hired a taxi and hurried off. 9. Never (experience) such difficulties she was at a loss.

Ex.11.Replace the italicized adverbial clauses of time by the appropriate form of the Participle using the model.

A) Model: увидев → seeing (тогда)

когда увидел → having seen (раньше)

1. When I entered the room, I felt some change in the atmosphere at once. 2. When we had finally reached the river, we decided to stay there and wait for the others. 3. When I reached out in the darkness, I felt a stone wall where I expected to find the door. 4. When she opened the parcel, she saw a large box of sweets. 5. When they had finally opened the safe, they found that most of the papers had gone. 6. When she closed and locked the suitcase, she rang for the porter to come and take it downstairs. 7. When she had cut bread, she started to make coffee.

B) Model: читая / когда читаю / когда читал → (when, while) reading

прочитав / когда прочитал / потому что почитал → having read

1. As she had been walking most of the night, she felt tired and sleepy. 2. As I had never seen anything like that before, I was eager to see the performance. 3. When he had passed the examination, he began to look round for a job. 4. When he had drunk his second cup of coffee, he folded the newspaper and rose. 5. When I had finally made up my mind, I told my parents about my new plans. 6. As she had spent most of her housekeeping money, she decided to go home. 7. When I spoke to her I always tried to make my meaning clear. 8. When we were playing chess that evening, we kept watching each other. 9. When she had taken the children to school, she could go and do her weekly shopping.

Ex. 12. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms from the right column.

1. The houses … many years ago are not as convenient as the modern ones. 2. What is the number of the apartment houses … in the past few years? 3. The number of the apartment houses … for the population of Moscow is rapidly growing. 4. The workers … this house used new construction methods. 5. At the conference they discussed new methods … in building. 6. The new methods … in the building of houses proved more effective. 7. Here are some samples of the products of this plant … to different parts of the country. 8. These are the samples of products … last month.

a) building b) being built c) built d) used e) using f) sent g) sending h) being sent

Ex. 13. Open the brackets and use the appropriate form of Participle.

1. (to wait) in the hall, he thought over the problem he was planning to discuss with the old lady. 2. He left (to say) he would be back in two hours. 3. (to write) in very bad handwriting, the letter was very difficult to read. 4. (to write) his first book, he worked endless hours till dawn. 5. (to spend) twenty years abroad, he was happy to be coming home. 6. (to be) away from home, he still felt himself part of the family. 7. (not to wish) to discuss the problem, he changed the conversation. 8. (to reject) by the publisher, the story was returned to the author. 9. (to reject) by publishers several times, the story was accepted by a weekly magazine. 10. (to wait) in the reception room, he thought over what he would say. 11. They reached the peak at dusk, (to leave) their camp with the first light. 12. The friends went out into the city (leave) their cases at the left-luggage department. 13. (to leave) a note with the porter, he said we would be back in half an hour. 14. (to write) in archaic language, the book was difficult to read. 15. (to write) his first book, he used his own experience.

Ex. 14. Fill in the blanks with Passive Participles of the verb in brackets.

1. a) I cannot forget the story … by him. b) They listened breathlessly to the story … by the old man. (to tell)

2. a) One can't fail to notice the progress … by our group during the last term. b) These are only a few attempts now … to improve the methods of teaching adult students. (to make)

3. a) We could hear the noise of furniture … upstairs. b) For a moment they sat silent … by the story. (to move)

Ex. 15. Translate the words in brackets.

1. We came up to the man (стоявшему на углу) and asked him the way. 2. Go to the shop and ask the man (стоящего там) to show you the way. 3. The man (стоящий у окна) was our teacher last year. 4. Did you see in what direction the man (стоявший здесь) went? 5. The people (ожидающие вас) have been sitting here since 3 o'clock. 6. The people (ожидавшие вас) have just gone. 7. (Рассказав всё, что он знал) the man left the room. 8. (Постучав дважды и не получив ответа) he came in. 9. (Толкнув дверь) he felt that it was locked. 10. (Тихо закрыв дверь) he tiptoed into the room. 11. Each time (рассказывая об этом случае) she could not help crying. 12. (Приехав в гостиницу) she found a telegram awaiting her. 13. (Приехав сюда) many years before he knew those parts perfectly. 14. We took a trip in a boat down the river (и вернулись) when in was dark. 15. I felt very tired (проработав целый день) in the sun.

Ex. 16. Translate into English.

1. Гордясь своим отцом, он часто говорит о нем. 2. Выступая на собрании, я забыл упомянуть об этом факте. 3. Как зовут человека, говорящего сейчас по телефону? 4. Наконец, она увидела человека, спасшего ее сына. 5. Они усыновили (adopted) мальчика, потерявшего родителей в авиационной катастрофе. 6. Пробыв в Лондоне около недели, я мог рассказать им много интересного. 7. Поняв, что не сможет выполнить всю работу одна, она попросила меня о помощи. 8. Зная, что у меня достаточно времени, чтобы дойти до кинотеатра, я не спешил. 9. Увидев, что такси подъехало к дому, он взял вещи и быстро спустился вниз. 10. Он не мог забыть грустную историю, рассказанную ему другом. 11. Он внимательно слушал историю, которую рассказывала одна из девочек. 12. Девочка, рассказывающая эту историю, уверена, что это правда. 13. Обещанная помощь не приходила. 14. Где человек, обещавший вам помочь? 15. Говорившая с моим братом женщина улыбнулась мне. 16. Мы шли по дороге, ведущей в город.

Ex. 17. Point out the Absolute Participial Construction. Translate into Russian.

1. There being no chance of escape, the thief was arrested on the spot. 2. Oliver knocked weakly at the door and, all his strength failing him, sank near the door. 3. The bridge having been swept away by the flood, the train was late. 4. There being little time left, they hired a cab to get to the theatre in time. 5. It being pretty late, they decided to postpone their visit. 6. The hour being late, she hastened home. 7. The sun having set an hour before, it was getting darker. 8. The weather being cold, he put on his overcoat. 9. The weather having changed, we decided to stay where we were. 10. There being nothing else on the table, Oliver replied that he wasn't hungry. 11. His directions to the porter finished, he came up to his niece. 12. Dinner being over, the old lady asked Barbara to come and sit on the sofa near her. 13. Then they heard the noise of the plane, its shadow passing over the open glade. 14. He heard the bathers coming up the sandy road, their voices ringing through the quiet. 15. They continued their way, the boy sobbing quietly. 16. The dog sat close to the table, his tail thumping now and again upon the floor. 17. She stood there, with her brows frowning, her blue eyes looking before her.

Ex. 18. Paraphrase the following using the Absolute Participial Construction.

1. As our work was finished, we went home. 2. If the letter is posted today, the news will reach them tomorrow. 3. If mother permits us, we shall go to the theatre. 4. When the working day was over, she went straight home. 5. When the packing had been done, the girls left for the station. 6. As the stop was a long one, the girls left for the station. 7. As the weather was perfect, Linda played tennis every day. 8. If time permits, we shall come a few days earlier. 9. As the situation was urgent, we had to go ahead. 10. The whole evening he read aloud, his small son sat by his side.

Ex. 19. Translate into English using the Absolute Participial Construction.

1. Если погода будет благоприятной, спортсмены могут показать хорошие результаты. 2. Мы долго разговаривали: он задавал мне вопросы, а я охотно на них отвечал. 3. Если условия позволят, я приеду к вам на лето. 4. Так как было очень тепло, дети спали на открытом воздухе. 5. Когда все приготовления были закончены, мы отправились в поход. 6. Было очень темно, так как на небе не было ни одной звезды. 7. Так как было очень поздно, собрание было закрыто. 8. Если погода позволит, мы пойдем на каток. 9. Так как всё было готово, она решила отдохнуть. 10. Так как было уже поздно, они никуда не пошли. 11. Когда письмо было написано, она быстро побежала на почту отправить его.

Unit 4

The Gerund

Ex. 1. State the function of the gerund. Translate into Russian.

A) 1. Taking a cold shower in the morning is very useful. 2. She likes sitting in the sun. 3. My watch needs repairing. 4. I had no hope of getting an answer before the end of the month. 5. He talked without stopping. 6. Some people can walk all day without feeling tired. 7. Living in little stuffy rooms means breathing poisonous air. 8. She stopped coming to see us, and I wondered what had happened to her. 9. He was on the point of leaving the club, as the porter stopped him. 10. At last he broke the silence by inviting everybody to walk into the dining-room. 11. On being told the news she turned pale. 12. She burst out crying. 13. She denied having been at home that evening. 14. They went on talking. 15. Would you mind coming again in a day or two? 16. She could not help smiling. 17. Though David was tired, he went on walking in the direction of Dover. 18. They accuse him of having robbed the house. 19. I insist on being told the truth. 20. I stretched out my hand to prevent her from falling. 21. My friend succeeded in translating this difficult text. 22. She suspected him of deceiving her. 23. He gave up the idea of ever hearing from her. 24. We are looking forward to seeing you again. 25. She always complains of feeling unwell. 26. He persisted in trying to solve that difficult problem. 27. The cold weather prevented the girls from going for long walks. 28. Jane thought of leaving Lowood after Miss Temple's marriage. 29. I had difficulty in finding a place to live. 30. The habit of discussing other people's affairs may damage reputations and ruin friendships.
B) 1. Nobody can go on living without some belief. 2. "She cannot sleep without seeing and speaking to you once more," he said. 3. Upon awakening she dressed quickly and left the house. 4. Do you mind giving me your name and telephone number, please? 5. He never ceased talking. 6. Petra sat through her first lesson without saying a word and without paying much attention to the lecture and the examples on the blackboard. 7. It is awfully hard work doing nothing. 8. He was angry with me for bringing the news. 9. He went on talking to my friend. 10. She enjoyed giving parties. 11. It's no use denying it. 12. It kept on raining outside. 13. They could not understand how he had succeeded in deceiving them. 14. Being alone in your own country is worse than being alone anywhere else.
Ex. 2. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary. Translate into Russian.

1. She only succeeded … blocking the way. 2. There is no point … staying. 3. He didn't object … being examined. 4. I was not used … driving a big car through crowded streets. 5. She was surprisingly clever … finding out things. 6. How can I prevent her … going there? 7. I was thinking at the time … selling the place. 8. I can find that out … asking. 9. After all I'm personally responsible … bringing you back safe and sound. 10. They positively insisted … visiting all the rooms. 11. What are your reasons to accuse her … taking the papers? 12. Everything depends … being on the spot. 13. I thanked his again … lending me the car. 14. Unfortunately I haven't succeeded … making much impression on you. 15. He had never had much difficulty … getting jobs. 16. She thanked him … taking her out. 17. He didn't object … seeing Francis. 18. I shall look forward … seeing your book. 19. I thought … taking a trip up the Scandinavian coast. 20. I told him that we were about to be turned out of our flat … not paying the rent.

Ex. 3. Complete the following sentences using gerunds. Translate into Russian

1. (Be) free and alone is a good things if you are tired of big cities. 2. (Find) you here was quite a surprise. 3. If this is what you intend to ask me, stop (waste) your time. 4. They kept on (talk) though the band began (play). 5. Everyone enjoyed (swim) in the river. 6. My watch needs (repair). 7. He never mentioned (live) in Prague. 8. He doesn't seem to mind (air) the room. 9. Just imagine (go) there together! 10. Don't put off (do) it now. If you postpone (receive) a visa again, you will miss an excellent opportunity of (go) there.

Ex. 4. Complete the following sentences with gerunds formed from these verbs: buy, answer, pay, recognize, go, escape, comment, sign, help, make, see. Translate into Russian

1. ___ big prices for famous pictures is now a wealthy man's way of ___ taxation. 2. English grammar is very difficult and few writers have avoided ___ mistakes. 3. Maurice was saved from ___ by Kate's entry with the tray. 4. The elderly ladies enjoyed ___ who came in and out, ___ old friends, and ___ unfavourably how these had aged. 5. Of course the contract is mutually beneficial and he is all for ___ it. 6. The important part of his life is ___ people. 7. Parks at night is a dangerous place to walk. Avoid ___ there after darkness. 8. Father suggested ___ a new machine.

Ex. 5. Find and state the function of the Gerundial Constructions. Translate into Russian.

1. I had no idea of his leaving St. Petersburg so soon. 2. Aunt's coming here gives me much pleasure. 3. The librarian did not object to the reader keeping the book one day longer. 4. She said that she knew nothing about the door having been left open. 5. My trying to convince him is of no use. 6. When asked why she had missed the train, she said something about her watch being slow. 7. She approached without my seeing her. 8. She stayed in town the whole summer because of her daughter being ill. 9. It was easy to imagine Mark sitting silent. 10. Besides there is no danger of it happening again. 11. He was wakened by someone knocking at the door. 12. I understand perfectly your wishing to start the work at once. 13. Please forgive my interfering. 14. He keeps insisting on my going to the south. 15. Do you mind my asking you a difficult question? 16. He never agreed to their going on that dangerous voyage. 17. He did not approve of her drinking so much coffee. 18. The teacher of mathematics did not approve of his pupils dreaming. 19. "It's no good you hating it", said Mr. Green. 20. Well, it's no use my telling you a lie.

Ex. 6. Supply gerund forms for the words in brackets. Translate into Russian.

1. Please go on (write); I don't mind waiting. 2. He offered to buy my old car, if I didn't mind (wait) a month for the money. 3. The taxi-driver tried to stop in time, but he couldn't avoid (hit) the old woman. 4. At first I enjoyed (listen) to him, but after a while I got tired of hearing the same story again and again. 5. I suggest (telephone) the hospitals before asking the police to look for him. 6. When I came he was busy (write) a letter to his friend. 7. Do you feel like (go) to a film, or shall we stay at home? 8. It's no use (have) a bicycle if you don't know how to ride it. 9. It's no use (ask) children to keep quiet. They can't help (make) noise. 10. Mr Shaw is very busy (write) his memoirs. 11. There are people who can't help (laugh) when they see someone slip on a banana skin. 12. I don't feel like (work) so I suggested spending the day in the country. 13. My father thinks I am not capable of (earn) my own living. 14. I'm tired of (do) the same thing all the time. 15. I tried to convince him that I was perfectly capable of (manage) on my own, but he insisted on (help) me. 16. There was no way of (get) out of the building. 17. He didn't leave the house, because he was afraid of (meet) someone who would recognize him. 18. There is no point in (remain) in a dangerous place if you can't do anything to help the people. 19. He expects me to answer by return but I have no intention of (reply) at all. 20. I'm not used to (drive) on the left. 21. I want to catch the 7a.m. train. – But you are not good at (get) up early.

Ex. 7. Use the necessary form of gerund (in active of passive voice). Translate into Russian.

1. He was always ready for (help) people. 2. He was very glad of (help) in his difficulty. 3. On (allow) to leave the room, the children immediately ran out into the yard and began (play). 4. In (make) this experiment, they came across some very interesting phenomena. 5. The results of the experiment must be checked and rechecked before (publish). 6. David was tired of (scold) all the time. 7. The watch requires (repair). 8. The problem is not worth (discuss). 9. Jane Eyer remembered (lock) up in the red room for (contradict) Mrs Reed. 10. Why do you avoid (speak) to me? 11. She tried to avoid (speak) to. 12. The doctor insisted on (send) the sick man to the hospital. 13. The child insisted on (send) home at once. 14. Do you mind him (examine) by a heart specialist? 15. He showed no sign of (recognize) me. 16. She showed no sign of (surprise). 17. He had a strange habit of (interfere) in other people's business. 18. I was angry at (interrupt) every moment.

Ex. 8. Open the brackets using the correct form of the gerund. Translate into Russian

1. He remembered (cross) the road, but he didn't remember (knock down). 2. I am still hungry in spite of (eat) four sandwiches. 3. He got into the house by (climb) through a window, without (see) by anyone. 4. He woke up at 7a.m. in spite of (work) late. 5. He complained of (give) a very small room at the back of the hotel. 6. The little girl isn't afraid of dogs in spite of (bite) twice. 7. The baby went to sleep a few minutes after (feed). 8. The little girl never gets tired of (ask) so many questions. 9. Mary was pleasantly surprised at (choose) to fill that vacancy. 10. I always treat people politely and insist on (treat) politely. 11. The boy was very thirsty in spite of (drink) a big cup of tea.

Ex. 9. Translate the sentences using the models.

Model 1: mind / like / hate / avoid doing smth.

1. Я не мог избежать разговора с ней. 2. Я не отрицаю (deny), что помогаю им. 3. Я не могу оправдать (justify) его работу на конкурирующую (rival) фирму. 4. Терпеть не могу ждать. 5. Стоит (worth) это читать? 6. Я ужасно не люблю тратить время зря (waste). 7. Она ничего не имела против (mind) того, чтобы зайти еще раз. 8. Он избегал выражать свое мнение. 9. Мне так неприятно оставлять тебя здесь.

Model 2: way / intention / purpose / difficulty of doing smth.

1. Это хороший способ уйти (avoid) от ответа. 2. У него не было ни малейшего намерения обманывать (deceive) вас. 3. У меня и мысли не было разрешить (let) ей остаться. 4. Он приехал сюда с целью помочь вам. 5. Наши шансы (chances) получить обед были очень малы. 6. Здесь переходить (cross) реку не опасно (danger). 7. Вреда (harm) в том не будет, если мы скажем ему правду. 8. У нее была привычка (habit) ложиться спать рано. 9. У меня не было возможности (opportunity) поговорить с ней об этом. 10. Не будет никакой трудности в том, чтобы найти место, где остановиться.

Model 3: on / after/ before / by / through (because of) / without / in spite of doing smth.

1. Он работает без остановки целый день. 2. Ты ничего не добьешься, если будешь возражать (object). 3. Всё это надо обсудить до того, как принимать решение (take decision). 4. Вы можете исправить фигуру, делая гимнастику. 5. Он даст ответ, посоветовавшись (consult) со своим юристом. 6. Он прошел мимо, не заметив нас. 7. Он упустил возможность (miss the opportunity) поехать туда, потому что заболел. 8. Не делайте этого, не обдумав всё (think over), как следует.

Ex. 10. Translate the following into English using gerunds after the verbs in brackets.

1. Я не виню тебя за то, что тебе так хочется уехать из города. (to blame) 2. Тогда я заподозрил его в том, что он меня дразнит. (to suspect) 3. Нам было нетрудно работать вместе. (to have no difficulty) 4. Он настаивал на том, чтобы научить ее работать на компьютере. (to insist) 5. Не было ничего, что могло бы помешать ему вернуться в Лондон. (to prevent) 6. Он извинился, что не пришел вовремя. (to apologize) 7. Мне удалось заставить Энн говорить. (to succeed) 8. Отец часто обвинял меня в том, что я отношусь к дому как к отелю. (to accuse) 9. Она настояла на том, чтобы заплатить за такси. (to insist) 10. Дэн уговорил Беллу остаться на обед. (to talk into) 11. Доктор начал с того, что пощупал его пульс. (to begin) 12. Он настоял на том, чтобы Анну немедленно пригласили сюда. (to insist) 13. Я спросил его, как ему нравится быть отцом. (to feel about) 14. Как ты объяснил покупку этого автомобиля? (to account) 15. Он упрекал себя за то, что не пытался поговорить с ней. (to reproach)

Ex. 11. Paraphrase the sentences using Gerundial Constructions. Insert the correct preposition before the gerund.

1. The pleasant-faced middle-aged woman insisted that Olga come to her town to teach. (on) 2. Helen suggested that they should go on a trip. 3. There is a possibility that my father will join us for the trip. (of) 4. The girls knew that the sportsman had been awarded a prize. (of) 5. I don't mind if you walk to the underground station with me. 6. When they entered the house, they heard the last bell ringing. (on) 7. Thank you that you invited me to the theatre. (for) 8. The woman insisted that her husband should consult the doctor at once. (on) 9. There was little hope that James would return on the same day. (of) 10. The thought that he had been turned away by the door-keeper made him feel miserable.(of) 11. When the boy entered the room, he glanced curiously around. (on) 12. The patient felt much better after he had been given proper treatment. 13. Just before I left the classroom, I was approached by a fellow-student who asked me to help him. 14. Looking at the man attentively, she remembered that she had seen him and spoken to him on several occasions. 15. The mother insisted that her son should enter the university. (on) 16. When he entered, she stood up and left the room, and even did not look at him. (without) 17. When Robert came home from the college, after he had passed his examinations, he felt very happy. (on) 18. In the darkness they were afraid that they might lose their way.(of) 19. When he reached his destination, he sent a telegram home to say that he had arrived safely.(on) 20. Thank you that you helped me.(for) 21. I am told that you are very busy. 22. Do you mind if I smoke here? 23. Will you object if I close the door? 24. I remember that I have seen this picture somewhere. 25. That you are against John's proposal does not mean that I must decline it. 26. The fact that you took English lessons some years ago helps you in your studies now.

Unit 5

The INFINITIVE

Ex. 1. State the form and function of the Infinitive. Translate into Russian.

1. To go on with this discussion is to waste time. 2. Oh, I'm sorry to have taken so much of your time. 3. It all sounds too good to be true. 4. Now, the first thing to settle is what to take with us. 5. He was the first to raise the question. 6. A celebration such as this was a chance not to be missed. 7. Look back to make sure you haven't left anything behind. 8. She was the last to realize how dangerous it was. 9. You are a bachelor with no family to take care of. 10. I didn't come here to be shouted at. 11. He came here to speak to me, not to you. 12. To meet the demands for goods, new shops have been opened in the town. 13. The plan will be discussed at the meeting to be held on May 25. 14. Surely it is not at all necessary to go into details. 15. I rose to receive my guests. 16. At the sight of the man I felt an impulse to laugh. 17. He was too astonished to speak. 18. The best thing Lanny could do was to get out of here. 19. It's an awkward thing to say. 20. He must have been very tired to come and fall asleep like that. 21. And suddenly he hated Crum. Who the devil was Crum, to say that? 22. He has a good deal to say about India. 23. the first person to enter was Mrs Evans, her face white. 24. He looked at the shelves of books to be read. 25. He received a note to say that he was expected at the family dinner. 26. You have health and much to live for.

Ex. 2. Replace the group of words in bold type by an Infinitive. Translate into Russian.

Model: She was the first lady who left. – She was the first (lady) to leave.

1. The manager was the last who left the shop. 2. I was astonished when I heard that he had left his native town. 3. There was no place where he could sit. 4. I can't go to the party; I have nothing that I can wear. 5. He was the first man who swam the Channel. 6. He was the only one who realized the danger.

Ex. 3. Combine each of the following parts of the sentences into one sentence using an Infinitive. Translate into Russian.

Model: They sent me to University, they wanted me to study law. – They sent me to University to study law.

1. I'm buying bread. I want to feed the bird. 2. He opened the door. He intended to go out. 3. He rushed into the burning house. He wanted to save the child. 4. He rand the bell. He wanted to tell us that the dinner was ready. 5. The farmer shot the rifle. He wanted to frighten the birds. 6. He sent his children to his sister's house. He wanted them to watch the TV programme. 7. I am saving up. I want to buy a car. 8. I keep my hens in a field surrounded by a wire netting. I want to protect them against the foxes.

Ex. 4. Combine each of the following pairs of the sentences into one sentence using "enough" with the Infinitive.

Model: He is clever. He can answer the question. – He is clever enough to answer the question.

1. He wasn't strong. He couldn't support the man. 2. It isn't very hot. We can't lie in the sun. 3. The coffee isn't strong. It won't keep us awake. 4. I am quite old. I could be your father. 5. You aren't very old. You can't understand these things. 6. He was very curious. He opened the letter. 7. You are quite thin. You can wear this dress.

Ex. 5. Combine each of the following pairs of the sentences into one sentence using "too" with the Infinitive.

Model: He is very ill. He can't work today. – He is too ill to work today

1. It is very hot. We can't run. 2. I am rather old. I can't wear this dress. 3. He was nervous. He couldn't speak. 4. I was terrified. I couldn't move. 5. It is very cold. We can't have a swim. 6. He was very snobbish. He wouldn't talk to any of us. 7. It was very dark. We couldn’t go out into the garden.

Ex. 6. Combine each of the following pairs of the sentences into one sentence using "so as / in order" with the Infinitive.

Model: He took off his boots. He didn't want to make any noise. – He took off his boots so as / in order not to make any noise.

1. He was playing very softly. He didn't want to disturb anyone. 2. I sent him out of the room. I wanted to discuss his progress with his headmaster. 3. I am learning Greek. I wish to read Homer. 4. He sent his children to their aunt's house. He wanted to have some peace. 5. He read only for short periods each day. He didn't want to strain his eyes. 6. they got up very early. They wanted to get up to the top of the hill before sunrise. 7. We must keep our gloves on. We don't want to get frost bitten.

Ex. 7. Insert to where necessary. Translate into Russian.

A) 1. I like … play the piano. 2. My brother can … write poems. 3. We had … put on our overcoats because it was cold. 4. The wanted … cross the river. 5. It is high time for you … go to bed. 6. May I … use your telephone? 7. They heard the girl … cry out with joy. 8. I would rather … stay at home today. 9. He didn't want … play in the yard anymore. 10. Would you like … go to England. 11. You look tired. You had better … go home. 12. I wanted … speak to Nick, but I could not … find his telephone number. 13. It is time … get up. 14. Let me … help you with your homework. 15. I was planning … do a lot of things yesterday. 16. I'd like … speak to you. 17. I think I shall be able … solve this problem. 18. What makes you … think you are right? 19. I shall … do all I can … help you. 20. I like … dance. 21. I'd like … dance. 22. She made me … repeat my words several times. 23. She didn't let her mother … go away. 24. Do you like … listen to good music. 25. That funny scene made me … laugh.
B) 1. The boy helped us … find the way to the railway station. 2. He would sooner .. die than … betray his friends. 3. Why not … start out now? We cannot wait for the rain … stop. 4. You'll be better tomorrow. You may … come and … dine with us. 5. Don't let us … get worried. There are a hundred things … be done. 6. We had better … make haste. 7. You ought not … speak to the Dean like that. 8. What made you … think so? 9. "Thanks," Andrew answered, "I'd rather … see the cases myself." 10. He was made … obey the rules. 11. I thought I would rather … get to the gallery alone, but I was obliged … accept his company.12. There is hardly anything … do but … work out an alternative plan.
Ex. 8. Open the brackets and choose the infinitive in the Active or Passive form. Translate into Russian.

1. They are glad (invite/ be invited) to the party. 2. I don't like (interrupt/ be interrupted) 3. He will be happy (see/ be seen) you. 4. I was glad (meet/ be met) at the station. 5. Children like (tell/ be told) tales and always (listen/ be listened) to them with interest. 6. I didn't think (interrupt/ be interrupted) you. 7. He is glad (send/ be sent) abroad. 8. He likes (ask/ be asked) his professor questions. 9. He doesn't like (ask/ be asked) questions because he doesn't know how to answer them. 10. He doesn't like (laugh/ be laughed) at other people. 11. Look, a ship can (see/ be seen) in the distance. Can you (see/ be seen) it?

Ex. 9. A) Translate the phrases and the sentences into Russian.

To cut a long story short; to tell (you) the truth; to say nothing of; to put it mildly; to say the least of it; to begin with. The book leaves much to be desired. He is difficult to deal with. He is hard to please. I am not to blame. She is pleasant to look at. It is out of the question to go there.

B) Translate the sentences using the above phrases.

1. Мягко выражаясь, она была невежлива. 2. Ваша работа оставляет желать лучшего. 3. Сказать по правде, я не люблю бокс. 4. Вашей сестре трудно угодить. 5. Начнем с того, что я занят. 6. На него было приятно смотреть. 7. Короче говоря, он не сдал экзамен. 8. Мы все были рады, не говоря уже о маме: она сказала, что это самый счастливый день в ее жизни. 9. Твое сочинение оставляет желать лучшего. 10. Это очень странно, по меньшей мере. 11. Для начала, она открыла все окна. 12. С моим соседом трудно иметь дело. 13. О том, чтобы купаться в реке, не могло быть и речи. 14. По правде говоря, я очень устал. 15. Его поведение оставляет желать лучшего. 16. Мягко выражаясь, вы меня удивили. 17. На этих детей приятно смотреть. 18. Короче говоря, они поженились. 19. Вам трудно угодить. 20. По меньшей мере, мы были удивлены. 21. Не может быть и речи о покупке машины в этом году.

Ex. 10. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the Objective with the Infinitive Construction (Complex Object)

1. We can't believe him to have robbed the bank. 2. He hated her to wake him up every morning. 3. They reported the train to have arrived. 4. We relied on her to book the tickets. 5. Susan ordered the tea to be brought. 6. They couldn't allow all the money to be given to one person. 7. He preferred the pictures to be exhibited in the central gallery. 8. The manager ordered the contract to be translated into English. 9. I can't make you obey. 10. She saw a little girl approach the house. 11. She usually lets her son stay at home when he feels sick. 12. Nelly asked her luggage to be brought. 13. What made you come so early? 14. I've never seen them walk together. 15. The doctor made the patient take the medicine. 16. I can't have him waste his money. He may need it.

Ex. 11. Translate the sentences using the Objective with the Infinitive Construction.

1. Мне бы хотелось, чтобы он поехал с нами на озеро. 2. Я считаю, что это был смелый шаг (move). 3. Мы не ожидали, что он примет такое решение. 4. Она не ожидала, что ее сын будет изучать архитектуру. 5. Дама попросила носильщика отнести ее вещи к такси. 6. Мы не предполагали, что он приедет так рано. 7. Мы считаем его большим специалистом в этой области. 8. Мы слышали, как они спорили. 9. Никто не заметил, как я открыл дверь и вышел. 10. Мы наблюдали, как ремонтировали дорогу. 11. Я слышал, как кто-то окликнул меня. 12. Он заметил, как она побледнела. 13. Она слышала, как кто-то упомянул мое имя в разговоре. 14. Я никогда не слышала, чтобы он говорил неправду. 15. Я увидел, что все смотрят наверх.

Ex. 12. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the Nominative with the Infinitive Construction (Complex Subject)

1. She was heard to phone her friend. 2. The criminal is unlikely to rob the bank. 3. They were discussing where they should go on Sunday and she happened to overhear them. 4. The headmaster is supposed to take care of the staff. 5. She was seen to be trying on a new dress. 6. They are expected to solve all the family problems. 7. The man was seen to get into the house. 8. Her ex-husband in believed to be living in Rome. 9. The children are never allowed to stay at home alone. 10. The team is likely to win the game. 11. The novel is known to have been published abroad. 12. She was let to park her car near the bank.

Ex. 13. Translate the sentences using the Nominative with the Infinitive Construction.

1. Он, кажется, сердится на меня. 2. Он, кажется, болен. 3. Они, по-видимому, пользовались этим словарем. 4. Он, кажется знает ее хорошо. 5. Они, по-видимому, очень хорошо поняли это правило. 6. Кажется, все студенты читали эту статью. 7. Она, кажется, знает три иностранных языка. 8. Говорят, что он в Москве. 9. Ожидают, что договор будет подписан на этой неделе. 10. Известно, что он придерживается другого мнения. 11. Считают, что он один из лучших врачей нашей страны. 12. Говорят, что этот дом был построен около двухсот лет тому назад. 13. Видели, как она писала письмо. 14. Думали, что это она пишет эти письма. 15. Предполагали, что она написала это письмо. 16. Наверняка, она и сейчас пишет письмо. 17. Конечно, она написала это письмо. 18. Вряд ли она пишет эти письма. 19. Вряд ли она написала письмо. 20. Конечно, письмо уже написано. 21. Оказалось, что она написала стихотворение. 22. Случайно она написала хорошее стихотворение.

Ex. 14. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to for-to-Infinitive Construction

1. For Gordon to paint her portrait was a great pleasure. 2. For Ray to ask for advice meant he was incapable to find a proper solution. 3. It was so hard for him to realize that he was accused of such a crime. 4. He wanted to ask her one or two questions but it was difficult for him to attract her attention. 5. For me to remember meeting him meant to remember everything that was connected with him. 6. For Vivien to play the piano was always a great pleasure. 7. For Mr. Brown to accept their invitation meant to forgive them. 8. For Sally to go to an art gallery meant to waste time. 9. The main problem is for her to believe that he won't come back. 10. The first thing was for the child to be taken to the doctor. 11. The hardest problem was for the poor family to pay the rent. 12. The easiest way out is for John not to stay at a hotel but rent a furnished room. 13. The book is for Henry to give back to Mike. 14. There is nothing for us to talk about. 15. There was no time for them to pack the things. 16. There was nothing for the child to fear. 17. Here's a very interesting item for you to read. 18. I've found a job for you to earn enough money. 19. She didn't say a word for them to understand that she agreed. 20. We did everything for him to be saved. 21. Mary and Angela came into the room for their dad to give them some pocket money. 22. She bought some pictures for us to decorate the flat. 23. Our son is too little for us to leave him alone.

Ex. 15. Translate the sentences using the for-to-Infinitive Construction.

1. Вам необходимо быть здесь завтра в 5 часов. 2. Ему легко это сделать. 3. Нам трудно сделать эту работу в такой короткий срок. 4. Вашей сестре необходимо повидать его. 5. Текст был слишком сложный, чтобы он мог перевести его без словаря. 6. Сейчас слишком поздно, чтобы дети шли гулять. 7. Ему необходимо немедленно вернуться. 8. Вам полезно есть фрукты. 9. Нам было приятно снова встретить наших друзей. 10. Я считаю (нахожу необходимым), чтобы ты закончил университет. 11. Мама испекла пирог, чтобы мы съели его за ужином. 12. Он оставил дверь открытой, чтобы мы могли войти. 13. Я привезу книг, чтобы вы могли читать летом. 14. Детям негде спать. 15. Мне здесь больше нечего делать. 16. Он говорил по-английски достаточно хорошо, и мы поняли, что ему надо.

Infinitive Constructions
Ex. 16. Objective with the Infinitive Construction (Complex Object)

1. I don't expect you to understand. But I want you to take some precautions. Would you like me to help you? 2. If you don't want anyone to know your business, keep your mouth shut. 3. What made you decide to enter that competition? 4. They wanted her to relax and sent the children to their aunt's. 5. They know him to be a responsible person. 6. Sunglasses make you look mysterious. 7. They consider him to be a real professional. 8. The desire for fame makes men work hard and does not let them rest till the goal is gained. 9. She regards him as a superman. 10. The big breakfast made me feel drowsy and I let the book fall to the floor.

Ex. 17. Nominative with the Infinitive Construction

1. The old woman seemed to read my mind. 2. They proved to be old friends. 3. David happened to witness the incident. 4. But his advice didn't prove to be sound. 5. It turned out to be their last meeting. 6. They chanced to find a treasure under the house. 7. I always seem to be waiting for things. 8. Mr. Smith appeared to be thinking aloud. 9. Vesta happened to be playing in the corner of the room. 10. He might turn out to be another Newton. 11. The child seemed on a sudden to have entered a magic world. 12. Dinny seemed to have lost already all her doubts. 13. Herbert would appear to be involved in it. 14. We seemed to be surrounded by shouting policemen. 15. The patient seemed to have been improving lately. 16. It proved to be true in the end.

Ex. 8. for-to-Infinitive Construction

1. For him to act so is rather unusual. 2. It was difficult for Bill to keep such a big family. 3. All she wanted was for her mother to come to terms with her past. 4. The best thing is for you to leave at once. 5. Teddy put the kettle on, stood near the stove waiting for the water to boil. 6. He stopped the car for the kids to get in. 7. That is for the boss to decide, isn't it? 8. Steve was a suitable candidate for them to hire. 9. I am still waiting for the mail to come. 10. Emma was a suitable child for them to adopt. 11. I've bought a tin of pastries for you to enjoy them. 12. After all, we have known the man long enough for Steve to trust him.

UNIT 6

Conditional Sentences
Ex. 1. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. If he is working on Friday he won't be able to go with us. 2. If I don't find her at home, I'll leave her a note. 3. We'll finish the work on time provided you send all the necessary materials. 4. I'll come in time unless I am detained at the Institute. 5. If I were you, I would go there myself. 6. If you knew him better, you wouldn't think so. 7. If it were not raining, I could go out. 8. If he wrote to you, would you answer? 9. If you had gone there, you would have seen him. 10. If it hadn't been so hot last summer, we could have gone to the South. 11. If you had taken your medicine yesterday, you would have been well. 12. But for the rain, we would go down to the country. 13. If it were not for your help, I wouldn't be able to finish my work in time. 14. Had I time, I would visit you. 15. Were she in New York, she would certainly call you.

Ex. 2. Open the brackets and use the necessary form of the verb.

1. I should come and see you off if I not (live) so far away. 2. If I had the money, I (buy) that car. 3. They not (go) tomorrow if it rains. 4. If you (stay) here a little longer, you will see him. 5. I should be disappointed if they not (come). 6. If we had no luggage, we (walk) home. 7. If it (rain) on Saturday, I shall stay at home. 8. I should have called you up yesterday if I (be) in town. 9. If the goods had been loaded quickly, we (receive) them in time. 10. If you had arrived a little earlier, you (find) me there. 11. If he (be) here, he would answer you. 12. We shall be very sorry if he not (call) on us tonight. 13. If he had not lost his spectacles, he (be able) to finish this work in time. 14. If I had been in your place, I not (say) this. 15. We shan't go out unless it (to stop) raining. 16. You will not have better health unless you (take) better care of yourself. 17. I (come) if I had had time. 18. He would leave Liverpool tonight if he (get) the necessary documents. 19. I not (catch) cold if I had worn my overcoat. 20.1 would drive to the country if the weather (be) fine. 21. The man (be killed) if the car hadn't stopped quickly.

Ex. 3. Complete the sentences.

1. You would know English better if ... . 2. I should have left St. Petersburg yesterday if ... . 3. If I were you, ... . 4. If I had known that it was going to rain, ... . 5. I shall go for a walk if .... 6. I should lend you my text-book if .... 7. If we had bought the tickets, ... . 8. If they were here.....9. We should be glad if ... . 10. If he were younger ... . 11. If you had got up earlier this morning, ... .

Ex. 4. Translate into English.

1. Если бы вы знали грамматику лучше, вы бы не делали столько ошибок в ваших упражнениях. 2. Если бы он был в Санкт-Петербург сейчас, он, конечно, помог бы нам. 3. Я подожду его, если его не будет дома, когда я приду. 4. Если бы сейчас не было так поздно, я бы пошел к нему. 5. Если бы я не был так занят вчера, я поехал бы на вокзал проводить его. 6. Я был бы вам очень благодарен, если бы вы смогли уделить мне несколько минут. 7. Мне потребовалось много времени, чтобы перевести этот текст. Если бы вы мне дали хороший словарь, я бы потратил меньше времени. 8. Я буду очень огорчен, если они не придут. 9. Я был бы очень рад, если бы вы зашли к нам завтра. 10. Как жаль, что это от меня не зависит. Если бы это от меня зависело, я бы помог вам с удоволь­ствием. 11. Этого бы не случилось, если бы вы были там. 12. Если бы у нас было меньше багажа, мы могли бы пойти пешком на вокзал, так как у нас достаточно времени, чтобы поспеть на поезд. 13. Если бы вы пришли сюда вчера между двумя и тремя часами, вы бы застали его. 14. Мне очень нравятся эти часы. Если бы они были дешевле, я бы купил их. 15. Если я буду там и увижу его, я скажу ему об этом. 16. Ему придется пойти в больницу завтра, если ему не будет лучше. 17. Мы приедем туда в 10 часов вечера, если поезд не опоздает. 18. Почему вы не взяли такси? Если бы вы взяли такси, вы приехали бы в аэропорт вовремя. 19. Почему вы не позвали его? Я уверен, что он пришел бы, если бы вы его позвали. 20. Если бы мы выехали завтра, мы бы приехали в Москву в понедельник утром. 21. Было бы очень любезно с вашей стороны, если бы вы могли это сделать для меня.

Ex. 5. Translate into English.

1. Если бы мы работали вчера больше, наша работа была бы сейчас готова. 2. Если бы мы послали письмо вчера, они бы получили его завтра утром. 3. Я провела свой отпуск в Ялте. Я бы провела его в Сухуми, если бы там не было так жарко летом. 4. Если бы мы не шли так быстро, мы не были бы такими усталыми сейчас и могли бы продолжать наш путь. 5. Если бы я принес словарь с собой, я мог бы перевести эту статью сейчас. 6. Если бы я не пошел к ним вчера, мы бы ничего не знали об этом даже теперь.

Ex. 6. Translate into English.

1. Хорошо, что вы пришли немного позже. Вы бы никого не застали дома. 2. Почему вы поехали на юг, не спросив совета врача? Я уверен, он бы не посоветовал вам ехать в июле на юг. 3. Если бы я был старше! 4. Мы ничего об этом не знали. Мы никогда не согласились бы на это. 5. Я не знаю, состоится ли завтра спектакль. Я бы пошла с удовольствием. 6. Он, наверное, не знал, что эта книга уже вышла. Я уверен, что он непременно купил бы ее. 7. Если бы вы мне сказали об этом раньше! 8. Я хотел бы увидеть его завтра. Я рассказал бы ему обо всем, что случилось. 9. Смогли бы вы закончить вашу работу завтра?

Ex. 7. Omit the conjunctions (if) and make the necessary changes in the sentences.

1. If I had time, I should study French. 2. If you should find them, kindly let me know. 3. If they had called at the office yesterday, they would have found me there. 4. If I had seen him yesterday, I should have told him about it. 5. If he were here, I should speak to him. 6. If he were in town, he would help us. 7. If you had seen him, you wouldn't have recognized him. 8. If I had enough money, I would travel. 9. If I were you, I should go there immediately. 10. The accident might not have occurred if they had been more careful. 11. If I were in his place, I should refuse.

Revision

1. Sequence of Tenses. Direct and indirect speech
Ex. 1. Change the following sentences into indirect speech.

1. "I was very excited by the opera," says Stella to Maurice. 2. "My sister was playing the piano at that time", says Kitty. 3. "You are the best assistant I've ever had, Ted," he says. 4. "When the doorbell rang I was writing a letter to John," says George. 5. "He always has lunch there," she said. 6. "He has a nice voice," she said. 7. "I'm quite prepared to stay up until Mrs Brown comes in," said Stella. 8. "I'm sorry to disturb you," Tom said to Eliza. 9. "I'm her guest at the moment," he said. 10. "You are the very person we want, Mr Green," said Pearl. 11. "John always comes home to dinner," said Mary. 12. "I don't think anyone can accuse me of not being frank," said Nelly. 13. "I'm learning French," said Florence. 14. "The car is waiting," Tom said to Betty. 15. "Mary, you'll be all right in a min­ute," said Jess. 16. "I'll go and see him before I go to bed," said Stella. 17. "You won't be able to see me on Monday," she said to George. 18. "We shall not do that," he said. 19. "I shall wait for my friend," said Andrew. 20. "I'm deeply grateful for all you've done," Mrs Smith said to Stella.

Ex. 2. Change the following sentences into indirect speech.

1. "Open the safe!" he ordered the bank clerk. 2. "Please, do as I say," she said to me. 3. "Help your mother, Peter," Mr Brown said. 4. "Don't make too much noise, children," he said. 5. "Read the documents before you sign them," the lawyer said to the client. 6. "Fill in the blank again," he said. 7. "Buy a new car," I advised him. 8. "Don't drive too fast," I said to him. 9. "Don't put your car near my window!" said the shopkeeper. 10. "Come to the theatre with me," he asked her. 11. "Cook it carefully," I advised her. 12. "Don't argue with me," said the teacher to the boy. 13. "Don't lend anything to her," he advised us. 14. "Stand off the door," he warned us.

Ex. 3. Change the following questions into indirect speech.

A) 1. "Do you often go to the swimming pool?" asked Pete. 2. "Are you working as well as studying?" asked Tom. 3. "Have you got the results of the test?" Bill asked. 4. "Are you going to study next month?" asked Tess. 5. "Do you want to buy any books?" asked the shop assistant. 6. "Will you stay at home or go for a walk after dinner?" I asked my sister. 7. "Have you seen the library?" asked Mary. 8. "Do you play rugby?" said Peter. 9. "Will you have time to play tennis regularly?" he asked me. 10. "Did you play for your University team?" asked Bill. 11. "Are you interested in foreign languages?" asked Helen. 12. "Would you like to join us?" she asked Tim. 13. "Have you packed your luggage?" I asked my mother. 14. "Can you call a taxi for me?" she asked Andy. 15. "Does your friend live in London?" I asked my sister. 16. "Do you often see your family?" I asked my friend.
B) 1. "When did she go shopping?" he asked me. 2. "Why did he decide to go to Italy?" my friends asked. 3. "When was he sent on business?" she asked. 4. "Who will fulfill this task?" the manager asked. 5. "How long have you been here?" said Ann. 6. "Who was he speaking to at that moment?" asked the secretary. 7. "What is shown on this diagram?" the teacher asked. 8. "What are you going to do on Sunday?" he asked me. 9. "How long have they been developing this project?" he asked his assistant. 10. "Who was this book written by?" he asked me. 11. "What do you think of this film?" she asked Mary. 12. "What are you going to study next year?" Helen asked Linda. 13. "What time does the train start?" he asked me. 14. "Why didn't you come here yesterday?" she asked John. 15. "Where do you usually spend your winter holidays?" David asked his friends.
2. The participle
Ex. 4. Replace the Infinitive in brackets by the appropriate form of the
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